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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Evaporation into the atmosphere : theory, history, and applications (1984)
    Dordrecht [u.a] : Reidel
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    Call number: AWI A5-96-0611
    In: Environmental fluid mechanics
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 299 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Edition: 1st edition 1982, reprinted 1984
    ISBN: 9027712476
    Series Statement: Environmental fluid mechanics 1
    Language: English
    Note: Table of Contents: FOREWORD. - CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION. - 1.1. Definitions. - 1.2. Practical Scope. - a. The Water Budget. - b. The Energy Budget. - 1.3. Global Climatology. - 1.4. The Transfer of Other Admixtures at the Earth-Atmosphere Interface. - CHAPTER 2. HISTORY OF THE THEORIES OF EVAPORATION - A CHRONOLOGICAL SKETCH. - 2.1. Greek Antiquity. - 2.2. The Roman Period and the Middle Ages. - 2.3. The Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: Initial Measurements and Experimentation. - 2.4. Foundations of Present Theories in the Nineteenth Century. - CHAPTER 3. THE LOWER ATMOSPHERE. - 3.1. Moist Air. - a. Some Parameter Definitions. - b. Useful Forms of the First Law of Thermodynamics. - c. Saturation Vapor Pressure. - 3.2. Hydrostatic Stability of Partly Saturated Atmosphere. - a. Small Adiabatic Displacements. - b. Potential Temperature. - 3.3. Atmospheric Transport of Water Vapor. - a. Conservation of Water Vapor. - b. Other Conservation Equations. - c. Solution of the Transport Equations . - 3.4. The Atmospheric Boundary Layer. - CHAPTER 4. MEAN PROFILES AND SIMILARITY IN A STATIONARY AND HORIZONTALLY UNIFORM ABL. - 4.1. The Dynamic Sublayer. - a. The Logarithmic Profile. - b. The Power Law Approximation. - 4.2. The Surface Sublayer. - a. The Mean Profiles. - b. Some Flux-Profile Functions. - 4.3. Bulk Parameterization of the Whole ABL. - a. Similarity for the Mean Profiles in the Outer Sublayer. - b. Bulk Transfer Equations for the ABL. - 4.4. The Interfacial Sublayers. - a. Similarity for the Mean Profiles. - b. Interfacial Bulk Transfer Equations for Scalar Admixtures. - c. Smooth Surfaces: The Viscous Sublayer. - d. Surfaces with Bluff Roughness Elements. - e. Surfaces with Permeable Roughnesses: The Canopy Sublayer. - CHAPTER 5. THE SURFACE ROUGHNESS PARAMETERIZATION. - 5.1. The Momentum Roughness. - a. Land Surfaces. - b. Water Surfaces. - 5.2. The Scalar Roughness. - a. Calculation from Interfacial Transfer Coefficients. - b. Values Over Water. - CHAPTER 6. ENERGY FLUXES AT THE EARTH'S SURFACE. - 6.1. Net Radiation. - a. Global Short Wave Radiation. - b. Albedo. - c. Long-Wave or Terrestrial Radiation. - 6.2. Energy Absorption by Photosynthesis. - 6.3. Energy Flux at Lower Boundary of the Layer. - a. Land Surfaces. - b. Whole Water Bodies. - c. Water Surfaces. - 6.4. Remaining Terms. - a. Energy Advection. - b. Rate of Change of Energy Stored in the Layer. - CHAPTER 7. ADVECTION EFFECTS NEAR CHANGES IN SURFACE CONDITIONS. - 7.1. The Internal Boundary Layer. - a. Equations for the Mean Field. - b. Methods of Closure for Disturbed Boundary Layers: A Brief Survey. - c. Some General Features of Local Momentum Advection. Fetch Requirement. - 7.2. Evaporation with Local Advection. - a. Analytical Solutions with Power Laws. - b. Numerical Studies. - CHAPTER 8. METHODS BASED ON TURBULENCE MEASUREMENTS. - 8.1. Direct or Eddy-Correlation Method. - a. Instruments. - b. Requirements on Instrumentation. - 8.2. The Dissipation Method. - a. The Direct Variance Dissipation Method. - b. The Inertial Dissipation (or Spectral Density) Method. - CHAPTER 9. METHODS BASED ON MEASUREMENTS OF MEAN PROFILES. - 9.1. Mean Profile Method With Similarity Formulations. - a. Measurements in the Surface Sublayer. - b. Measurements in the Dynamic Sublayer. - c. Upper-Air Measurements: The ABL Profile Method. - 9.2. Bulk Transfer Approach. - a. Over a Uniform Surface. - b. Evaporation From Lakes. - 9.3. Sampling Times. - CHAPTER 10. ENERGY BUDGET AND RELATED METHODS. - 10.1. Standard Application. - a. With Bowen Ratio (EBBR). - b. With Profiles of Mean Wind and of One Scalar (EBWSP). - 10.2. Simplified Methods for Wet Surfaces. - a. Some Comments on Potential Evaporation. - b. The EBWSP Method With Measurements at One Level. - c. Advection-Free Evaporation from Wet Surfaces. - 10.3. Simplified Methods for Actual Evapotranspiration. - a. Adjustment of Penman's Approach With Bulk Stomatal Resistance. - b. Complementary Relationships between Actual and Potential Evaporation. - c. Extensions of Equilibrium Evaporation Concept. - CHAPTER 11. MASS BUDGET METHODS. - 11.1 Terrestrial Water Budget a. Soil Water Depletion and Seepage. - b. River Basins and Other Hydrological Catchments. - c. Lakes and Open-water Reservoirs. - d. Water Budget-Related Instruments; Evaporimeters. - 11.2. Atmospheric Water Budget a. Concept and Formulation b. Application of the Method . - HISTORICAL REFERENCES (PRIOR TO 1900). - REFERENCES. - INDEX.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some exact solutions for nonlinear desorptive diffusion (1982)
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Physik 33 (1982), S. 540-546 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9039
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On démontre l'existence d'une classe de solutions exactes pour le problème de désorption qui peuvent être obtenues par une méthode d'inversion. Cette méthode correspond à la méthode proposée par Philip (1960) pour sorption et rédistribution, et elle consiste de l'inversion de l'équation pour la diffusivité de Matano (1933) et de Bruce et Klute (1952). Quelques unes de ces solutions peuvent être utiles dans l'étude du mouvement de fluides en milieux poreux.
    Notes: Abstract The existence is pointed out of a class of exact solutions for desorption which can be obtained by means of a simple inversion method. This method is related to that proposed by Philip (1960) for sorption and redistribution and it consists of the inversion of the diffusivity equation of Matano (1933) and Bruce and Klute (1952). Some of the exact solutions can be useful in the study of problems encountered in flow in porous media.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00955702
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wind profile constants in a neutral atmospheric boundary layer over complex terrain (1986)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 34 (1986), S. 35-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The roughness height z 0 and the zero-plane displacement height d 0 were determined for a region of complex terrain in the Pre-Alps of Switzerland. This region is characterized by hills of the order of 100 m above the valley elevations, and by distances between ridges of the order of 1 km; it lies about 20 to 30 km north from the Alps. The experimental data were obtained from radiosonde observations under near neutral conditions. The analysis was based on the assumption of a logarithmic profile for the mean horizontal wind existing over one half of the boundary layer. The resulting (z 0/h) and (d 0/h) (where h is the mean height of the obstacles) were found to be in reasonable agreement with available relationships in terms of placement density and shape factor of the obstacles, which were obtained in previous experiments with h-scales 2 to 4 orders of magnitude smaller than the present ones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00120907
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Virtual heat entrainment in the mixed layer over very rough terrain (1987)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 38 (1987), S. 141-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Inversion fluxes of virtual heat were computed for seven clear days over the Pre-Alpine region in Switzerland with profile data from a sequence of radio soundings. Several entrainment models based on the turbulent kinetic energy equation were tested with the data. It was found that the relatively simple equation first proposed by Tennekes (1973) which contains both a convective and a mechanical term for the entrainment does as well as the more complicated parameterizations. In addition, the effect of water vapor on the magnitude of the buoyancy fluxes at the surface and at the inversion was observed to be important since the Bowen ratio normally ranged between 0.1 and 0.2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00121561
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regional surface fluxes from satellite-derived surface temperatures (AVHRR) and radiosonde profiles (1992)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 58 (1992), S. 355-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Radiometric surface temperatures, derived from measurements by the AVHRR instrument aboard the NOAA-9 and the NOAA-11 polar orbiting satellites, were used in combination with wind velocity and temperature profiles measured by radiosondes, to calculate surface fluxes of sensible heat. The measurements were made during FIFE, the First ISLSCP (International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project) Field Experiment, in a hilly tall grass prairie area of northeastern Kansas. The method of calculation was based on turbulent similarity formulations for the atmospheric boundary layer. Good agreement (r = 0.7) was obtained with reference values of sensible heat flux, taken as arithmetic means of measurements with the Bowen ratio method at six ground stations. The values of evaporation (latent heat fluxes), derived from these sensible heat fluxes by means of the energy budget, were also in good agreement (r = 0.94) with the corresponding reference values from the ground stations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00120237
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dependence of geostrophic drag on intensity of convection, baroclinicity, and acceleration (1995)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 73 (1995), S. 211-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines the practical importance of stability, baroclinicity, and acceleration in the bulk ABL similarity formulations, in light of the random errors inherent in field measurements. This is done by propagating the measurement uncertainties through a theoretical model for the bulk ABL similarity functionsA 0 andB 0, under a range of assumed (but always unstable) conditions. It is shown that random measurement errors and acceleration effects may overwhelm most effects of baroclinicity and stability, once conditions are at least slightly unstable. Because of this, it is hard to discern a clear functional dependence ofA 0 andB 0 on degree of instability. Thus, for a given value ofh i/z0, whereh i is the inversion height andz 0 is the surface roughness, the geostrophic drag coefficient, which depends onA 0 andB 0, and weakly onh i/z0, may also be taken to be nearly independent of degree of instability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00711257
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A quasi-similarity between wind waves and solid surfaces in their roughness characteristics (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of oceanography 42 (1986), S. 166-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-868X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A formulation for the aerodynamic roughness length of air flow over wind waves $$z_0 = \gamma {\text{ }}u_* /\sigma p$$ which was proposed by Toba (1979) and Toba and Koga (1986) from dimensional considerations with some data analysis, is shown to correspond with a formulation for irregular solid surfaces $$(z_0 /h) = a(h/l)^{1 + \beta } $$ which resulted from work by Woodinget al. (1973) and Kustas and Brutsaert (1986);u * is the friction velocity,σ p the spectral peak frequency of wind waves,h the mean height of the solid obstacles,l the mean distance between their crests, andα,Β, andγ are constants. This correspondence is reached by the existence of a statistical 3/2-power law and an effective dispersion relationship for wind waves. Because both approaches of parameterizingz 0 were arrived at independently, they provide each other mutual reinforcement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02109351
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Similarity functions D for water vapor in the unstable atmospheric boundary layer (1978)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 14 (1978), S. 441-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An analysis was performed of experimental data obtained at fixed ship stations during AMTEX 1974 and 1975. This allowed the calculation of the bulk transfer relationships for water vapor and sensible heat in the atmospheric boundary layer for different interpretations of the thickness scale of the boundary layer. It was found that scaling based on the observed thickness, which herein was taken as the height of the lowest value in the potential temperature profile under unstable conditions, produces least scatter in the calculations. The results obtained for the similarity function c(Μ i ) of the bulk heat transfer coefficient are in good agreement with the results of previous studies. As observed earlier (Brutsaert and Mawdsley, 1976; Mawdsley and Brutsaert, 1977), under unstable conditions the similarity functions D(Μ) of the bulk water vapor transfer coefficient are smaller than the corresponding C(Μ) functions for sensible heat. In the case of inversion height scaling, the results can be represented by d(Μ i ) = 0.65 c(Μ i ).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00121887
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radiation, evaporation and the maintenance of turbulence under stable conditions in the lower atmosphere (1972)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 2 (1972), S. 309-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An expression is derived relating the critical flux Richardson number with the critical (gradient) Richardson number. In contrast to an earlier analysis by Townsend (1958), which is restricted to the atmosphere well outside the earth's boundary layer, the present treatment is intended specifically for turbulent flow in the lower atmosphere and it takes account of the effect of evaporation on the stability. The effect of radiation on the rate of destruction of the mean square of the temperature fluctuations is obtained by considering the radiative flux divergence in a stratified atmosphere and by using a simple functional relationship to represent empirical emissivity data. It was found that evaporation and radiation increase the critical Richardson number by a sensible amount depending on the atmospheric conditions, mainly temperature, humidity and the gradients. There is no definite critical Richardson number but rather a range between 0.25, below which turbulence is very likely, and somewhat higher than 0.5, above which turbulence is improbable. The value of the critical Richardson number can be expressed in terms of evaporation, radiation and the ratio (σ w /u *) which also appears not to have a definite critical value. Evaporation and radiation cause the ratio (σ w /u *) to be larger than unity under neutral conditions. These results, based on the assumption of Reynolds' analogy,K H =K M , are consistent with the available experimental evidence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02184772
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regional roughness of the landes forest and surface shear stress under neutral conditions (1989)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 48 (1989), S. 69-81 
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    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Mean wind velocity profiles were measured by means of radio-windsondes over the Landes region in southwestern France, which consists primarily of pine forests with scattered villages and clearings with various crops. Analysis of neutral profiles indicated the existence of a logarithmic layer between approximately z − d 0 = 67(±18)z 0 and 128(+-32)z 0 (z is the height above the ground, z 0 the surface roughness and d 0 the displacement height). The upper limit can also be given as z − d 0 = 0.33 (±0.18)h, where h is the height of the bottom of the inversion. The profiles showed that the surface roughness of this terrain is around 1.2 m and the displacement height 6.0 m. Shear stresses derived from the profiles were in good agreement with those obtained just above the forest canopy at a nearby location with the eddy correlation method by a team from the Institute of Hydrology (Wallingford, England).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00121783
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