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1

Electronic Resource

Potential effects of warming and drying on peatland plant community composition (2003)

Weltzin, Jake F. ; Bridgham, Scott D. ; Pastor, John ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd

Global change biology 9 (2003), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2486

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography

Notes: Boreal peatlands may be particularly vulnerable to climate change, because temperature regimes that currently constrain biological activity in these regions are predicted to increase substantially within the next century. Changes in peatland plant community composition in response to climate change may alter nutrient availability, energy budgets, trace gas fluxes, and carbon storage. We investigated plant community response to warming and drying in a field mesocosm experiment in northern Minnesota, USA. Large intact soil monoliths removed from a bog and a fen received three infrared warming treatments crossed with three water-table treatments (n = 3) for five years. Foliar cover of each species was estimated annually.In the bog, increases in soil temperature and decreases in water-table elevation increased cover of shrubs by 50% and decreased cover of graminoids by 50%. The response of shrubs to warming was distinctly species-specific, and ranged from increases (for Andromeda glaucophylla) to decreases (for Kalmia polifolia). In the fens, changes in plant cover were driven primarily by changes in water-table elevation, and responses were species- and lifeform-specific: increases in water-table elevation increased cover of graminoids – in particular Carex lasiocarpa and Carex livida– as well as mosses. In contrast, decreases in water-table elevation increased cover of shrubs, in particular A. glaucophylla and Chamaedaphne calyculata. The differential and sometimes opposite response of species and lifeforms to the treatments suggest that the structure and function of both bog and fen plant communities will change – in different directions or at different magnitudes – in response to warming and/or changes in water-table elevation that may accompany regional or global climate change.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00571.x

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Climate change effects on carbon and nitrogen mineralization in peatlands through changes in soil quality (2004)

Keller, Jason K. ; White, Jeffrey R. ; Bridgham, Scott D. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd

Global change biology 10 (2004), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2486

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography

Notes: Climate change will directly affect carbon and nitrogen mineralization through changes in temperature and soil moisture, but it may also indirectly affect mineralization rates through changes in soil quality. We used an experimental mesocosm system to examine the effects of 6-year manipulations of infrared loading (warming) and water-table level on the potential anaerobic nitrogen and carbon (as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) production) mineralization potentials of bog and fen peat over 11 weeks under uniform anaerobic conditions. To investigate the response of the dominant methanogenic pathways, we also analyzed the stable isotope composition of CH4 produced in the samples. Bog peat from the highest water-table treatment produced more CO2 than bog peat from drier mesocosms. Fen peat from the highest water-table treatment produced the most CH4. Cumulative nitrogen mineralization was lowest in bog peat from the warmest treatment and lowest in the fen peat from the highest water-table treatment. As all samples were incubated under constant conditions, observed differences in mineralization patterns reflect changes in soil quality in response to climate treatments. The largest treatment effects on carbon mineralization as CO2 occurred early in the incubations and were ameliorated over time, suggesting that the climate treatments changed the size and/or quality of a small labile carbon pool. CH4 from the fen peat appeared to be predominately from the acetoclastic pathway, while in the bog peat a strong CH4 oxidation signal was present despite the anaerobic conditions of our incubations. There was no evidence that changes in soil quality have lead to differences in the dominant methanogenic pathways in these systems. Overall, our results suggest that even relatively short-term changes in climate can alter the quality of peat in bogs and fens, which could alter the response of peatland carbon and nitrogen mineralization to future climate change.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2003.00785.x

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3

Electronic Resource

Nutrient efficiency along nutrient availability gradients (1999)

Pastor, John ; Bridgham, Scott D.

Springer

Oecologia 118 (1999), S. 50-58

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ISSN: 1432-1939

Keywords: Key words Nutrient use efficiency ; Nutrient response efficiency ; Nutrient availability ; Litterfall ; Production

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract The validity of nutrient use efficiency as a central concept in ecosystem ecology has recently been subject to challenge based upon arguments over autocorrelation of data, interpretation of graphical approaches, and appropriate statistical analyses. Much of the confusion on the measurement and interpretation of nutrient use efficiency results from the lack of a sound theoretical basis with which to examine experimental results. In this paper, we develop a theory of nutrient use efficiency based upon fundamental mass balance, present a graphical approach to appropriate testing of alternative hypotheses to avoid problems of autocorrelation in data, and suggest critical areas where experiments must be performed to distinguish among hypotheses. We show that nutrient use efficiency (production per unit nutrient uptake) must be distinguished from nutrient response efficiency (production per unit nutrient available). In contrast to the monotonic increase of nutrient use efficiency with decreasing nutrient availability originally proposed in the 1982 model of P.M. Vitousek, nutrient response efficiency is unimodal with maximum efficiency at intermediate levels of nutrient availability. However, nutrient use efficiency dynamics at low nutrient availability cannot yet be theoretically defined. We also show theoretically which plant traits control responses of ecosystem nutrient use or nutrient response efficiency along gradients of nutrient availability. Finally, we show how our model naturally leads to species replacement along nutrient availability gradients.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050702

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4

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Chronic effects of 2,2′-dichlorobiphenyl on reproduction, mortality, growth, and respiration ofDaphnia pulicaria (1988)

Bridgham, Scott D.

Springer

Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 17 (1988), S. 731-740

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ISSN: 1432-0703

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine

Notes: Abstract Previous studies have shown toxic effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on aquatic life only in the Μg/L range, well above normal ambient concentrations.Daphnia pulicaria was isolated from Lake Erie and exposed to 50 ng/L to 10 Μg/L of 2,2′-dichlorobiphenyl (DCB) in lifetable and physiological studies. Reproduction, mortality, growth, and respiration were measured for periods up to the entire lifespan of the animal with and without the use of an organic surfactant. One experiment was conducted for three generations of the daphnid continuously exposed to DCB. Significant mortality and inhibition of reproduction were found at levels as low as 50–100 ng/L in lifetable studies, and no safe level could be determined. These are among the lowest levels ever reported for a PCB congener to cause significant biological effects. A unique, yet repeatable, dose-re-sponse curve occurred in lifetables with maximum inhibition at low to intermediate concentrations. Inhibition at the highest level tested, 10 Μg/L, occurred only after continuous exposure for three generations. Increasing concentrations of DCB stimulated growth, while respiration experiments yielded variable results.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01061979

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5

Electronic Resource

Hysteresis in the temperature response of carbon dioxide and methane production in peat soils (1998)

Updegraff, Karen ; Bridgham, Scott D. ; Pastor, John ; [et al.]

Springer

Biogeochemistry 43 (1998), S. 253-272

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ISSN: 1573-515X

Keywords: carbon dioxide ; hysteresis ; methane ; peat ; temperature ; wetlands

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences

Notes: Abstract The ability to predict the effects of climate change on trace gas fluxes requires a knowledge of microbial temperature responses. However, the response of a microbial community to temperature in a given substrate may be complicated by its thermal history. To examine the effect of sequentially changing temperature on methane and carbon dioxide production in different peat types, we incubated anaerobic peat samples from 3 types of northern peatlands, a bog, a sedge fen and a cedar swamp, in both rising and falling temperature regimes. Graphic and statistical comparisons of the different temperature regimes suggest hysteresis in microbial response to temperature, although the absolute rates at any given temperature often did not differ. Where regressions for temperature response (Arrhenius plots) were significant, they generally differed between temperature regimes. The greatest differences among treatments occurred during the first half of the 40-d incubation. Increases in carbon dioxide production were similar across all peat types, but methanogenesis varied widely: methane production was uniformly low in the bog peat but increased sharply with temperature in the other two peat types. The complicating effect of history or chronology on substrate responses to environmental stimuli may restrain our ability to model the responses of complex systems to changing conditions.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006097808262

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Natural climate solutions for the United States (2018)

Fargione, Joseph E. ; Bassett, Steven ; Boucher, Timothy ; [et al.]

American Association for the Advancement of Science

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Publication Date: 2022-05-25

Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Science Advances 4 (2018): eaat1869, doi:10.1126/sciadv.aat1869.

Description: Limiting climate warming to 〈2°C requires increased mitigation efforts, including land stewardship, whose potential in the United States is poorly understood. We quantified the potential of natural climate solutions (NCS)—21 conservation, restoration, and improved land management interventions on natural and agricultural lands—to increase carbon storage and avoid greenhouse gas emissions in the United States. We found a maximum potential of 1.2 (0.9 to 1.6) Pg CO2e year−1, the equivalent of 21% of current net annual emissions of the United States. At current carbon market prices (USD 10 per Mg CO2e), 299 Tg CO2e year−1 could be achieved. NCS would also provide air and water filtration, flood control, soil health, wildlife habitat, and climate resilience benefits.

Description: This study was made possible by funding from the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation. C.A.W. and H.G. acknowledge financial support from NASA’s Carbon Monitoring System program (NNH14ZDA001N-CMS) under award NNX14AR39G. S.D.B. acknowledges support from the DOE’s Office of Biological and Environmental Research Program under the award DE-SC0014416. J.W.F. acknowledges financial support from the Florida Coastal Everglades Long-Term Ecological Research program under National Science Foundation grant no. DEB-1237517.

Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server

Type: Article

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