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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Inc
    Journal of metamorphic geology 14 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: In the W Hoggar (Algeria), the major transcurrent N–S East Ouzzal shear zone (EOSZ) hosts several world-class gold deposits over a 100-km length. The late Pan-African EOSZ separates two contrasting Precambrian domains: the Archaean In Ouzzal block to the west (orthogneisses with subordinate metasediments, reworked and granulitized in the c. 2 Ga Eburnean event) and a Middle Proterozoic block to the east (again orthogneisses and metasediments, involved in the c. 600 Ma Pan-African event).The EOSZ is a mylonite belt, 1–3 km wide, with a 50-m-wide ultramylonite belt hosting numerous quartz veins and lenses (giant hydrothermal quartz system) associated with a quartz-sericite-pyrite-carbonate (beresite) alteration. These hydrothermal events occurred under ductile (evolving towards brittle) conditions, between 500 and 300 MPa, at 500–300°C, with aqueous-carbonic fluids derived both from underlying devolatilized metamorphic rocks and a mantle source, as recorded by stable (C, O) isotope data. No gold mineralization was associated with these typical mesothermal events.Following a pressure drop (to 130 MPa), related to the inception of extensional tectonics, the EOSZ was later percolated by a new set of hydrothermal fluids, evolved from basinal waters that deeply penetrated into the In Ouzzal basement. These fluids were Ca-bearing brines (up to 25% wt. eq. NaCl), characterized by high δD (-9 to + 18‰ range), mobilized by the thermal energy released by the late Pan-African granite magmatism (Taourirt granites).As demonstrated by Pb isotope data, the brines leached Au from the In Ouzzal granulites (which contain 3 ppb Au). Fluid inclusion studies indicate that gold was deposited from these brines in the EOSZ at a depth of c. 5 km, due to mixing and cooling with descending diluted fluids.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralogy and petrology 66 (1999), S. 83-109 
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Vier verschiedene Arten von metamorphen/hydrothermalen Flüssigkeitseinschlüssen wurden im Zuge von detaillierten mikrothermometrischen und spektroskopischen Untersuchungen an Flüssigkeiten in Proben von spätgebildeten Quarzgängen aus dem Gesamtbereich des Witwatersrand-Beckens identifiziert. Bei diesen Flüssigkeiten konnten wässerige, H2O-CO2-reiche, H2O-CH4-CO2-reiche und CH4-N2-reiche Typen unterschieden werden. Bei frühgebildeten Einschlüssen dominieren H2O- und CO2-reiche Flüssigkeiten. Die frühen Einschlüsse kommen entlang verheilter Bruchflächen vor und werden von einer späteren, gasreichen Generation durchkreuzt, die CH4, C2H6, N2, H2, und H2S enthält. Insbesondere Quarzgänge, die an Verwerfungen gebunden sind, enthalten Flüssigkeitseinschlüsse des letzteren Typs. Einige dieser Flüssigkeiten haben die Anwesenheit von Tochterkristallen und hydrokarbonischer Komponenten gemeinsam. Eine sehr späte Generation von wäßrigen Flüssigkeiten kommt in den meisten Proben in der Form von trans-granularen Einschlussbahnen vor. Berücksichtigung von P-V-T-X Bedingungen und Chlorit-Thermometrie, von Mineralparagenesen und Überlagerungsmächtigkeit weisen auf Bildungstemperaturen zwischen 200 und 400 °C, lokal bis zu 500 °C. Die Zusammensetzungen der Flüssigkeiten deuten an, daß die spät-bis post-diagenetischen C-O-H Flüssigkeiten, die auf die Sedimente einwirkten, Sauerstoffugazitäten im Bereich zwischen Q-F-M und Ni-NiO, für Temperaturen von 300 bis 400 °C, hatten. Dies erkärt, warum detritischer Uraninit in weiten Bereichen des Beckens auftritt und warum Remobilisierung von Gold entlang von Zonen hoher Fluidwegsamkeit stattfinden konnte.
    Notes: Summary Four metamorphic/hydrothermal fluid systems were identified in detailed microthermometric and spectroscopic investigations carried out on fluids trapped in late-stage quartz veins sampled throughout the Witwatersrand Basin. These include aqueous, H2O-CO2-rich, H2O-CH4-CO2-rich and CH4-N2-rich fluids. Early inclusion populations are dominated by H2O- and CO2-rich fluid systems. Cross-cutting these early fluid populations are trails of inclusions that contain CH4, C2H6, N2, H2 and H2S (vapour-rich inclusions). Fault-related quartz veins, in particular, are characterized by these later fluid types. A common feature of some of these later fluids is the presence of hydrocarbons and daughter crystals. A very late phase of aqueous fluids occurs in most samples as transgranular inclusion trails. P-V T-X considerations as well as chlorite geothermometry, mineral assemblages and burial conditions suggest entrapment temperatures of between 200°C and 400°C and locally up to 500°C. Fluid chemistry suggests that the post-depositional C-O-H fluids affecting the sediments have oxygen fugacities between Q-F-M and Ni-NiO in the range 300°C to 400°C. This accounts for the widespread preservation of detrital uraninite and gold remobilization along major fluid conduits.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Fluid inclusions have been studied in three pegmatite fields in Galicia, NW Iberian Peninsula. Based on microthermometry and Raman spectroscopy, eight fluid systems have been recognized. The first fluid may be considered to be a pegmatitic fluid which is represented by daughter mineral (silicates)-rich aqueous inclusions. These inclusions are primary and formed above 500 °C (dissolution of daughter minerals). During pegmatite crystallization, this fluid evolved to a low-density, volatile-rich aqueous fluid with low salinity (93% H2O; 5% CO2; 0.5% CH4; 0.2% N2; 1.3% NaCl) at minimum P–T conditions around 3 ± 0.5 kbar and 420 °C. This fluid is related to rare-metal mineralization. The volatile enrichment may be due to mixing of magmatic fluids and fluids equilibrated with the host rock. A drop in pressure from 3 ± 0.5 to 1 kbar at a temperature above 420 °C, which may be due to the transition from predominantly lithostatic to hydrostatic pressure, is recorded by two-phase, water-rich inclusions with a low-density vapour phase (CO2, CH4 and N2). Another inclusion type is represented by two-phase, vapour-rich inclusions with a low-density vapour phase (CO2, CH4 and N2), indicating a last stage of decreasing temperature (360 °C) and pressure (around 0.5 kbar), probably due to progressive exhumation. Finally, volatile (CO2)-rich aqueous inclusions, aqueous inclusions (H2O-NaCl) and mixed-salt aqueous inclusions with low Th, are secondary in charac- ter and represent independent episodes of hydrothermal fluid circulation below 310 °C and 0.5 kbar.
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2012-01-03
    Description: Giant quartz veins associated with the South Armorican Shear Zone record important fluid circulation during the Hercynian period. Regional-scale mapping of veins allows two groups of veins to be identified, on the basis of their geometric relationship with the South Armorican Shear Zone. Veins in the first group are parallel to the shear zone, whereas those in the second group developed in a direction oblique to it. The former probably record infiltration of fluids along permeable pathways in highly deformed zones; the latter may represent crustal-scale tension gashes in the regional context. Most quartz veins have 18 O values between 10 and 16 indicating a mid-crustal origin for the fluids. Microthermometry on fluid inclusions from euhedral quartz indicates that late fluids were mostly aqueous with very low salinity (0–1.7 wt% eq.) and with homogenization temperatures ranging between 150 and 270 °C. Together with very low 18 O values of some euhedral quartz, down to –2, these features argue for a surface origin. Corresponding 18 O fluid values estimated near –11 are probably related to the high palaeo-elevation of meteoric precipitation. Scarce, but significant, H 2 O–CO 2 fluid inclusions in euhedral quartz indicate a metamorphic contribution. These were probably sourced from the exhumed metamorphic basement in the southern part of the region.
    Print ISSN: 0016-7649
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 5
  • 6
    Publication Date: 2017-07-16
    Description: This study presents Raman spectroscopic analyses of melt inclusions in tourmaline from tourmaline-quartz-(muscovite) assemblages of common pegmatites of the Gatumba-Gitarama area (Rwanda). The melt inclusions show a main mineralogy composed of muscovite, α-quartz, mogánite, dickite, and minor feldspars which demonstrate, in combination with the observation of dawsonite, nahcolite, jeremejevite, and childrenite daughter minerals, a CO 2 -, H 2 O-, B 2 O 3 -, and P 3 O 4 -enriched peraluminous boro-aluminosilicate composition for the trapped melt. The variable amount of acidic interstitial fluids inside the melt inclusions resulted mainly from heterogeneous trapping of omnipresent, exsolved aqueous fluids during melt inclusion entrapment. Aliquots of this exsolved alkali-rich aqueous fluid phase are preserved in the numerous coexisting fluid inclusions in tourmaline. The observed mineralogy and composition of the melt inclusions deviates strongly from a bulk single-phase melt crystallization model for pegmatite formation. Based on reported experimental, theoretical, and natural constraints, an alternative hypothesis can offer an explanation for the formation of the anomalous but omnipresent residual melts trapped in tourmaline: i.e ., the immiscibility of a hydrous fluid and a boro-aluminosilicate melt from the residual bulk aluminosilicate melt. The chemically anomalous composition of the immiscible boro-aluminosilicate melt trapped inside the melt inclusions can explain the mineralogical transition from a granitic mineral mode towards a schorl-quartz-(muscovite) assemblage within the common mineralogical zonation of the pegmatite dike.
    Print ISSN: 0008-4476
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2016-10-08
    Description: The Imiter Ag-Hg deposit is located in the Precambrian volcano-sedimentary formations of the Saghro inlier (eastern part of the Anti-Atlas Mountains, Morocco). The orebodies consist of northeast-southwest to east-west veins and lenses hosted by Cryogenian black shales and gray-wackes and Neoproterozoic conglomerates, and are controlled by an east-west fault network, the so-called Imiter fault. Mineralogical and paleo-fluid geochemistry investigations (microthermometry, Raman spectroscopy, LA-ICP-MS on individual inclusions, bulk crush-leach analyses, and stable isotope data (O, H)) show that the main Ag ore stage is related to circulation of deep-basinal sedimentary brines (Na-K-(Mg) (salinity = 16.7 to ≥26 wt % NaCl equiv, molar Cl/Br = 330, 18 O = 2.15–2.35 SMOW , and D = –53.8 to –65.5 SMOW ), at temperatures of about 180° to 220°C and hydrostatic pressures. The main driving mechanism for silver ore deposition is the dilution of ore-bearing brines by a low-salinity meteoric fluid containing a low-density volatile component (N 2 〉 CH 4 〉 CO 2 ), T h = 180° to 220°C, 18 O = –1.4 SMOW , and D of about –28.2 SMOW . Silver content of the brines ranges from 2 to 30 mmol/kg solution (up to 3,200 ppm Ag, avg Ag concentration about 900 ppm), whereas the maximum Ag content found in dilute waters is about 0.4 mmol/kg solution (40 ppm). The ore-forming model proposed for the Imiter deposit is (1) Ag extraction from the basement by the penetration of deep-basinal brines, and (2) deposition in a structural trap through fluid mixing with recharge fluids. This model is comparable to that described worldwide for the origin of Pb-Zn, F, Ba, and U deposits near unconformities between basement and sedimentary basins. Similarities among the major Ag deposits from the Anti-Atlas (Imiter, Zgounder, Bou Azzer) strongly suggest that they resulted from a unique event, likely related to the opening of the Atlantic Ocean. The silver ores are superimposed on the same lineament as a preexisting uneconomic Pan-African Co-Ni-As system linked to magmatic intrusions, but Ag ores have no genetic relationship with them.
    Print ISSN: 0361-0128
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2014-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0002-9599
    Electronic ISSN: 1945-452X
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 9
  • 10
    Publication Date: 2007-11-01
    Print ISSN: 0002-9599
    Electronic ISSN: 1945-452X
    Topics: Geosciences
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