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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 28 (1995), S. 33-37 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The staging phase transitions during deintercalation of CuCl2-intercalated graphite have been studied using real-time X-ray powder diffraction. The evolution of the diffraction pattern observed during the deintercalation revealed gradual changes in phase composition. A detailed profile analysis enabled a quantitative phase analysis and visualized the phase composition at any time during the reaction. Conclusions concerning the mechanism and kinetics of deintercalation are compared with theoretical results.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 187 (1963), S. 128-134 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The influence of various agents on the surface of Aerosil, a fine particle size silicia was studied. Originally, siloxane as well as silanol groups were present in the Aerosil surface. Partial hydrolysis of the siloxane bonds was achieved with cold water, ammoniacal pyrocatechol solution and after shorter contact with boiling water. The number of silanol groups per 100 Å2 never exceeded 3.3. On prolonged action of boiling water a significant decrease of the surface area and of the number of silanol groups was observed. Electron microphotographs show that the particles became coated by a layer of less dense porous silicia. As a result of the extremely narrow pores part of the surface and of the silanol groups escaped detection. Ammonia and, to a lesser extent, prolonged storing at atmospheric conditions had similar effects. At 200 °C the condensation of silanol groups to siloxane bonds was catalyzed by superheated steam as evidenced by a greater loss of silanol groups than in a high vacuum at the same temperature. The results and the mechanisms of the changes in the silica surface are discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Am Beispiel des Aerosils wurde die Veränderung der Oberfläche des Siliciumdioxids bei der Entwicklung verschiedener hydrolytischer Agentien untersucht. Die Oberfläche des Aerosils enthielt ursprünglich neben Silanolgruppen in erheblichem Umfang Siloxangruppen. Mit kaltem Wasser, mit ammoniakalischer Brenzkatechin-Lösung und bei kürzerer Einwirkung von siedendem Wasser wurde eine teilweise Hydrolyse der Siloxan-Bindungen erreicht, doch, wurden nie mehr als 3.3 Silanolgruppen pro 100 Å2 erhalten. Nach längerer Einwirkung von siedendem Wasser wurde eine Abnahme der spez. Oberfläche und der Zahl der Silanolgruppen pro Flächeneinheit beobachtet. Im Elektronenmikroskop zeigten die Teilchen dieser Aerosile Hüllen geringerer Dichte aus feinporigem Siliciumdioxid. Infolge der extrem engen Poren wurde ein erheblicher Teil der Oberfläche und der Silanolgruppen bei den Messungen nicht erfaßt. Konz. Ammoniak und in geringerem Maße auch lange Lagerung an der Atmosphäre hatten ähnliche Wirkung. Überhitzter Wasserdampf katalysierte bei 200° die Abspaltung von Wasser aus Silanolgruppen. Die Präparate verloren dabei mehr Wasser als bei gleicher Temperatur im Hochvakuum. Die Ergebnisse und die Mechanismen der Veränderungen werden diskutiert.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 227 (1968), S. 17-27 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The surface chemistry of solids is described using three examples. On the diamond surface, hydrogen, fluorine und chlorine are chemisorbed in quantities which correspond to ca. one third of the estimated number of “dangling bonds” of surface atoms. All free valences are saturated with oxygen at 420°. The chemisorbed oxygen is bound to a large extent in carbonyl groups and ether-like structures. The surface chemistry of silica is determined by the reactions of Si−OH groups. Typical reactions are described. Titania (anatase) exhibits more ionic character. There are OH groups on its surface, too, which react partly acidic and partly basic. The influence of the surface coverage on the adsorption and wetting behavior of solids is shown.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Chemie der Oberfläche fester Stoffe wird an drei Beispielen beschrieben. An der Oberfläche des Diamanten werden Wasserstoff, Fluor und Chlor in einer Menge gebunden, die etwa einem Drittel der Konzentration der aus der spezifischen Oberfläche abgeschätzten freien Valenzen der Oberflächenatome entsprich. Mit Sauerstoff werden bei 420° alle freien Valenzen abgesättigt. Der Sauerstoff liegt überwiegend in Form von Carbonylgruppen und ätherartigen Strukturen vor. Die Chemie der Siliciumdioxid-Oberfläche wird durch die Reaktio nen der Si−OH-Gruppen bestimmt. Einige charakteristische Reaktionen werden beschrieben. Auf der Oberfläche des Titandioxids (Anatas), das stärker ionischen Charakter hat, sind ebenfalls OH-Gruppen vorhanden, die teils sauer, teils basisch reagieren. Die Einflüsse der Oberflächenbelegung auf das Adsorptions- und Benetzungsverhalten der Festkörper werden dargestellt.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 51 (1964), S. 160-160 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 54 (1967), S. 515-515 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 25 (1990), S. 4678-4687 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Anatase and rutile pigments, from two sources (B and T) were thoroughly purified from sulphate and chloride contaminants, thermally treated in the temperature range 150 to 550 ° C, and investigated using thermogravimetric (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen and organic vapour adsorption techniques. TG analysis reveals two main dehydration steps, the first results from physically adsorbed water and the second from structural and ligand water. The number of ligand water molecules released through a unit surface area (nm2) is in the range 4.50 to 5.15, being evolved in the temperature range 250 to 300 ° C. Two dehydroxylation endotherms appear for the anatase samples in the temperature range 350 to 420 ° C which seem to arise from the presence of two types of hydroxyls. No transformation from the anatase to rutile sructure occurred in the temperature range investigated. Estimation of crystallite sizes showed a marked increase at temperatures 〉250 ° C for anatase (B), being greatest for the (101) plane, and 〉400 ° C for rutile (B), where the three planes (101), (110) and (111) increased distinctly. Maximum anisotropy was observed for the anatase heated at 550 ° C. Nitrogen adsorption data revealed a marked decrease in the specific area and total pore volume by thermal treatment ⩾400 ° C for anatase and ⩾250 ° C for rutile whereby it retains a nearly stable $$\overline r _H $$ value with an average range of 2.62 nm. The anatase (B) samples are composed of a mixture of both meso- and micropores whereas for rutile (B) microporosity appeared only for the sample heated at 150 ° C, becoming predominantly mesoporous at higher temperatures. Most heated samples exhibited two group sizes in the mesopore range resulting from their existence in the form of particles constituted from a collection of small particulates. The rutile (B) products are generally characterized by possessing a wider pore system than those from anatase. The anatase (T) samples are predominantly microporous at 150 ° C and become mesoporous at 550 ° C — the reverse is true for rutile (T). Cyclohexane and benzene adsorption measure only a fraction of the nitrogen area. Specific interaction (H-bonding) is believed to exist in some cases between the cyclohexane molecules and titania surface hydroxyls, as well as some enhanced adsorption which is believed to occur with benzene adsorbate.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 80 (1968), S. 451-451 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 76 (1964), S. 576-576 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 78 (1966), S. 987-987 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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