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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new method for measuring phase shift in heterodyne interferometric measurement (1990)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 61 (1990), S. 1442-1447 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A new method for analyzing the phase shift of probe beat in heterodyne interferometric measurement has been developed. The phase shift is obtained directly from the changes of the probe beat period without comparing with a reference beat. An electric circuit system has been designed according to this method of measurement, combined with a heterodyne interferometer of HCN laser or 4 mm microwave of line-integrated electron density of plasma in the compact helical system (CHS). The experimental results show that the method is effective. It simplifies the interferometric system and is free from the trouble of initial phase difference between the probe beat and reference. The minimum measurable phase shift is determined by the ratio of beat frequency to the counting clock frequency. The maximum measurable phase shift is infinite in principle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1141149
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Output power stabilization of cw 337-μm HCN laser by feedback control aided by a microcomputer (1992)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 63 (1992), S. 265-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The output power of a cw 337-μm HCN laser is maintenance-freely stabilized by a feedback control aided by a microcomputer. As a result, the laser power has no observable drift in the long term and its fluctuation in the short term is less than ±1%. This stabilizing method is especially useful when the laser is used in circumstances where the ambient temperature changes severely.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142970
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Testing and commissioning of the HI-13 tandem accelerator
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: 268 (1988), S. 316-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 0168-9002
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0168-9002(88)90526-8
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of low earth orbit atomic oxygen exposure on epoxy functionalized siloxanes (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 57 (1995), S. 1251-1259 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Epoxy functionalized siloxanes (EFS) are a novel class of UV curable monomers that can be rapidly photopolymerized to give transparent coatings and composites. Thin films of these materials have been subjected to low Earth orbit exposure to atomic oxygen (AO) aboard the space shuttle. It was found that UV cured samples of all four different EFS monomers exhibited excellent AO resistance both to ambient in-flight conditions as well as exposure at 120°C. Based on SEM, STM, XPS, and weight loss data, it was proposed that AO exposure of these materials efficiently produces a thin layer of SiOx at the surface of the sample. This layer provides a barrier toward further attack by AO. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1995.070571011
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  • 5
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    North Atlantic simulations in Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments phase II (CORE-II). Part II: Inter-annual to decadal variability (2016)
    In:  EPIC3Ocean Modelling, 97, pp. 65-90
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-29
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 6
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    An assessment of Antarctic Circumpolar Current and Southern Ocean meridional overturning circulation during 1958–2007 in a suite of interannual CORE-II simulations (2015)
    ELSEVIER SCI LTD
    In:  EPIC3Ocean Modelling, ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 93, pp. 84-120, ISSN: 1463-5003
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-11-05
    Description: In the framework of the second phase of the Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments (CORE-II), we present an analysis of the representation of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) and Southern Ocean meridional overturning circulation (MOC) in a suite of seventeen global ocean–sea ice models. We focus on the mean, variability and trends of both the ACC and MOC over the 1958–2007 period, and discuss their relationship with the surface forcing. We aim to quantify the degree of eddy saturation and eddy compensation in the models participating in CORE-II, and compare our results with available observations, previous fine-resolution numerical studies and theoretical constraints. Most models show weak ACC transport sensitivity to changes in forcing during the past five decades, and they can be considered to be in an eddy saturated regime. Larger contrasts arise when considering MOC trends, with a majority of models exhibiting significant strengthening of the MOC during the late 20th and early 21st century. Only a few models show a relatively small sensitivity to forcing changes, responding with an intensified eddy-induced circulation that provides some degree of eddy compensation, while still showing considerable decadal trends. Both ACC and MOC interannual variabilities are largely controlled by the Southern Annular Mode (SAM). Based on these results, models are clustered into two groups. Models with constant or two-dimensional (horizontal) specification of the eddy-induced advection coefficient κ show larger ocean interior decadal trends, larger ACC transport decadal trends and no eddy compensation in the MOC. Eddy-permitting models or models with a three-dimensional time varying κ show smaller changes in isopycnal slopes and associated ACC trends, and partial eddy compensation. As previously argued, a constant in time or space κ is responsible for a poor representation of mesoscale eddy effects and cannot properly simulate the sensitivity of the ACC and MOC to changing surface forcing. Evidence is given for a larger sensitivity of the MOC as compared to the ACC transport, even when approaching eddy saturation. Future process studies designed for disentangling the role of momentum and buoyancy forcing in driving the ACC and MOC are proposed.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 7
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    An assessment of Southern Ocean water masses and sea ice during 1988–2007 in a suite of interannual CORE-II simulations (2015)
    ELSEVIER SCI LTD
    In:  EPIC3Ocean Modelling, ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 94, pp. 67-94, ISSN: 1463-5003
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-11-05
    Description: We characterise the representation of the Southern Ocean water mass structure and sea ice within a suite of 15 global ocean-ice models run with the Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiment Phase II (CORE-II) protocol. The main focus is the representation of the present (1988–2007) mode and intermediate waters, thus framing an analysis of winter and summer mixed layer depths; temperature, salinity, and potential vorticity structure; and temporal variability of sea ice distributions. We also consider the interannual variability over the same 20 year period. Comparisons are made between models as well as to observation-based analyses where available. The CORE-II models exhibit several biases relative to Southern Ocean observations, including an underestimation of the model mean mixed layer depths of mode and intermediate water masses in March (associated with greater ocean surface heat gain), and an overestimation in September (associated with greater high latitude ocean heat loss and a more northward winter sea-ice extent). In addition, the models have cold and fresh/warm and salty water column biases centred near 50°S. Over the 1988–2007 period, the CORE-II models consistently simulate spatially variable trends in sea-ice concentration, surface freshwater fluxes, mixed layer depths, and 200–700 m ocean heat content. In particular, sea-ice coverage around most of the Antarctic continental shelf is reduced, leading to a cooling and freshening of the near surface waters. The shoaling of the mixed layer is associated with increased surface buoyancy gain, except in the Pacific where sea ice is also influential. The models are in disagreement, despite the common CORE-II atmospheric state, in their spatial pattern of the 20-year trends in the mixed layer depth and sea-ice.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 8
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    An assessment of global and regional sea level for years 1993–2007 in a suite of interannual CORE-II simulations (2014)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Ocean Modelling, Elsevier, 78, pp. 35-89, ISSN: 1463-5003
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-05-26
    Description: We provide an assessment of sea level simulated in a suite of global ocean-sea ice models using the interannual CORE atmospheric state to determine surface ocean boundary buoyancy and momentum fluxes. These CORE-II simulations are compared amongst themselves as well as to observation-based estimates. We focus on the final 15 years of the simulations (1993–2007), as this is a period where the CORE-II atmospheric state is well sampled, and it allows us to compare sea level related fields to both satellite and in situ analyses. The ensemble mean of the CORE-II simulations broadly agree with various global and regional observation-based analyses during this period, though with the global mean thermosteric sea level rise biased low relative to observation-based analyses. The simulations reveal a positive trend in dynamic sea level in the west Pacific and negative trend in the east, with this trend arising from wind shifts and regional changes in upper 700 m ocean heat content. The models also exhibit a thermosteric sea level rise in the subpolar North Atlantic associated with a transition around 1995/1996 of the North Atlantic Oscillation to its negative phase, and the advection of warm subtropical waters into the subpolar gyre. Sea level trends are predominantly associated with steric trends, with thermosteric effects generally far larger than halosteric effects, except in the Arctic and North Atlantic. There is a general anti-correlation between thermosteric and halosteric effects for much of the World Ocean, associated with density compensated changes.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 9
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    North Atlantic simulations in Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments phase II (CORE-II). Part I: Mean states (2014)
    ELSEVIER SCI LTD
    In:  EPIC3Ocean Modelling, ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 73, pp. 76-107, ISSN: 1463-5003
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Simulation characteristics from eighteen global ocean–sea-ice coupled models are presented with a focus on the mean Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) and other related fields in the North Atlantic. These experiments use inter-annually varying atmospheric forcing data sets for the 60-year per- iod from 1948 to 2007 and are performed as contributions to the second phase of the Coordinated Ocean- ice Reference Experiments (CORE-II). The protocol for conducting such CORE-II experiments is summa- rized. Despite using the same atmospheric forcing, the solutions show significant differences. As most models also differ from available observations, biases in the Labrador Sea region in upper-ocean potential temperature and salinity distributions, mixed layer depths, and sea-ice cover are identified as contribu- tors to differences in AMOC. These differences in the solutions do not suggest an obvious grouping of the models based on their ocean model lineage, their vertical coordinate representations, or surface salinity restoring strengths. Thus, the solution differences among the models are attributed primarily to use of different subgrid scale parameterizations and parameter choices as well as to differences in vertica and horizontal grid resolutions in the ocean models. Use of a wide variety of sea-ice models with diverse snow and sea-ice albedo treatments also contributes to these differences. Based on the diagnostics con- sidered, the majority of the models appear suitable for use in studies involving the North Atlantic, but some models require dedicated development effort.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 10
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    An assessment of global and regional sea level in a suite of interannual CORE-II simulations: a synopsis (2013)
    In:  EPIC3Exchanges : newsletter of the Climate Variability and Predictability Programme (CLIVAR), No.62,(2), pp. 11-15, ISSN: 1026-0471
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-16
    Description: There is a growing number of observation-based measures of sea level related patterns with the advent of the Argo floats (since the early 2000s) and satellite altimeters (since 1993). These measures provide a valuable means to evaluate aspects of global model simulations, such as the global ocean-sea ice simulations run as part of the interannual Coordinated Ocean- ice Reference Experiments Griffies et al. (2009), Danabasoglu et al. (2013). In addition, these CORE-II simulations provide a means for evaluating the likely mechanisms causing sea level variations, particularly when models with different skill are compared against each other and observations. We have conducted an assessment of CORE-II simulations from 13 model configurations Griffies et al. (2013), with a focus on their ability to capture observed trends in ocean heat content as well as the corresponding dynamic sea level over the period 1993- 2007. Here, we provide a synopsis of the assessment.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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