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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The intake and feeding value for young beef cattle of two cultivars of tetraploid Italian ryegrass when grazed or conserved by artificial dehydration or ensilage (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 37 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Two experiments were carried out to determine whether the differences in intake and feeding value previously shown between two grass cultivars when offered to ruminants as chopped artificially dehydrated (dried) material could also be demonstrated when the grasses were offered in other forms. Two cultivars of tetraploid Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), Sabalan and Tetila, were established in the same field in 1975. In 1976 they were grazed and conserved (two cuts of primary growth) as dried material or as silage.The composition of the herbage selected at pasture and conserved showed higher concentrations of normal detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre in the dry matter for Tetila than for Sabalan, but differences between cultivars in digestibility were small. In both grazing and winter feeding trials differences in voluntary intake between the two cultivars were not significant, but at pasture young beef cattle spent less time grazing and tended to spend more time ruminating on Tetila than Sabalan. There was no measure of animal performance at pasture but liveweight gain was 15% higher for Sabalan than Tetila when both were offered to young beef cattle as the sole feed of dried grass or of silage. The voluntary intakes of the three forms of feed were very similar, which in part reflected a similarity in digestibility. However, gains were lower for calves given silage than those given dried grass. This may have been due to a lower efficiency in the utilization of the nitrogeneous components of silage for tissue growth than those of dried grass.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1982.tb01573.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GRASSLAND RECORDING. IV (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 19 (1964), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The traditional method of calculating field output by the utilized-starch-equivalent (U.S.E.) system is compared with a recommended simpler and quicker method. The concept of calculating a U.S.E. factor is introduced and forms the basis for the new method. A monthly U.S.E. factor is used, in conjunction with monthly cow-day (CD.) records to calculate U.S.E. Savings of at least 50% may be expected. Agreement between the two methods is very close and the more seasonal nature of the calculation for sheep and non-milking cattle under the new method may be preferable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1964.tb01155.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of changing grazing severity on the composition of perennial ryegrass/white clover swards stocked with beef cattle (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 44 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: During an experiment in which the height of mixed perennial ryegrass/while clover swards was maintained throughout the season at 3 or 7 cm (S and T, respectively), or were maintained al those heights until 30 June then changed (ST and TS), a limited study was made of the effects on the population densities and masses of the two species. During the earlier part of the season the short swards (S and ST) developed higher tiller and stolon growing point (sgp) densities, but with a reduced mass of ryegrass, principally of the pseudostem fraction, than the tail swards (T and TS). Thiere was little effect of sward height on the mass of clover. Whilst there was a general tendency for tiller and sgp densities to increase during the latter part of the season, tiller density increased greatly where sward height was reduced (TS) and both tiller and sgp densities were reduced where sward height was allowed to increase (ST). Changing sward height, whilst limiting the accumulation of dead grass material (TS), allowed grass leaf and dead masses to increase (ST), and adversely affected the increase in the clover component, principally of stolon material, in both ST and TS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1989.tb02170.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The digestibility of herbage selected by oesophageally fistulated cows, steer calves and wether sheep when strip-grazing together (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 36 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The digestibility of herbage selected by dairy cows, milk-fed calves, weaned calves and wether sheep was examined on four occasions each day as they strip-grazed together a daily allocation of herbage. The average quality of the material selected by each group was similar. Organic matter digestibility of the herbage selected declined from 0·274 to 0·223 as the average height of the sward fell from 16 to 6 cm; this decline was slightly more rapid for the cows than for the other stock. A similar trend was also evident in samples cut from the sward to simulate the horizon removed prior to each sampling time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1981.tb01561.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GRASSLAND RECORDING. II (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 19 (1964), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Two systems of recording the output of grass fields—by cow-days (CD.) and by utilized starch equivalent (U.S.E.)—were compared with field measurements of the dry matter and digestible matter consumed over a period of two years.On one farm, each recording system was positively correlated with both the amount of dry matter and the amount of digestible matter consumed from individual fields by grazing cows. Consequently, the two systems reflected equally well the total quantity of utilized herbage and its quality. This was explained by a highly significant correlation between the two recording systems. The same correlation between the two recording systems existed on 20 other farms.It was concluded that the C.D. and the U.S.E. systems gave equally reliable results when assessing field output within dairy farms. Because C.D. can be determined with greater ease they should be used instead of the U.S.E. system. However, the U.S.E. system is still advocated for assessing grass utilization for animal production on a farm basis, since it indicates the level of efficiency which farmers achieve in using their grass.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1964.tb01153.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GRASSLAND RECORDING. V (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 19 (1964), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1964.tb01156.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE OUTPUT OF SWARDS ON COMMERCIAL FARMS IN RELATION TO FERTILIZER AND OTHER MANAGEMENT FACTORS (1965)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 20 (1965), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Survey data collected during a grassland-recording investigation showed a strong positive correlation between nitrogen input and the output of utilized starch equivalent per acre. At the levels of output covered, sward type was not very important in relation to total yield. Herbage species were important for other reasons and the choice of seeds mixtures should be determined by factors such as earliness and lateness of growth and resistance to disease and drought. The survey showed that well-managed ley and permanent pasture are both capable of producing at a high level. A disturbing feature of the results was the low production of most spring resowings, primarily as a result of poor management. Although the records were obtained from an above-average group of farms, the results have general application. Potential responses to fertilizers may be even greater on less intensive farms, especially with regard to phosphate and potash. However, the level of production of a field will always depend finally on the level of management exercised by the farmer himself.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1965.tb00419.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The economic consequences of integrating whole-crop wheat with grass production on dairy farms in the UK: a computer simulation (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 45 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Harvesting techniques, which involve simultaneously preserving and upgrading mature crops of whole cereals using an alkali, have been developed. When treated crops have been fed to sheep and cattle, satisfactory intakes and growth rates have been observed. With the possibility of falling cereal prices, such an end-use for grain crops may be attractive in the future. Accordingly, a mathematical model of the production, harvesting and utilization of whole-crop wheat and grass silage has been developed to examine the economic implications. Using the model, the comparative costs of growing and feeding alkali-treated whole-crop wheat in place of grass silage for winter milk production have been examined.A milk production system based on whole-crop wheat rather than grass silage is estimated to improve profits by up to £130 per cow. However, the improvement in profitability is very sensitive to assumptions about the uses for surplus land or silage arising from such a switch. Furthermore, for physiological reasons it may be prudent to restrict the quantity of whole-crop wheat fed to about 50% of the total forage intake. Thus, whole-crop cereals may best be seen as a complement to rather than a substitute for grass silage. However, in the absence of data on feeding dairy cows with treated wheat silage, research is required before the computer simulations can be corroborated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1990.tb02198.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The impact of grazing severity on perennial ryegrass/white clover swards stocked continuously with beef cattle (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 44 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: An experiment was carried out to examine the changes in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) populations in mixed swards, under different grazing severities over three successive grazing seasons. In year 1, three paddocks were erected on a sward with a low initial content of clover (block 1). Sward heights were measured using a rising-plate meter, and were maintained at overall mean heights of 3·0, 5·5 or 7·0 cm by variable stocking with 8-month-old steers. In year 2, a further three paddocks were erected on an adjacent area with a high initial content of clover (block 2), and were maintained at the same three heights by similar management. Botanical analyses were carded out on samples collected at four times during the season. Maintaining swards at 5·5 or 7·0 cm led to a large proportion of the area being infrequently grazed. Block I paddocks had higher initial tiller densities, which increased as sward height was reduced, while block 2 paddocks, with their lower initial tiller density, showed little effect of sward height on tiller density. Initially, clover stolon growing-point densities and stolon masses increased more rapidly in the taller swards. Later, however, large losses in the clover populations occurred on all paddocks during long wet winters and there was a general reversal in these trends for stolon growing-point densities and stolon masses, 3·0〉5·5〉7·0. By year 3, swards with differing
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1989.tb02169.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Herbage intake and milk production by grazing dairy cows. 3. The effect of grazing severity under continuous stocking (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 36 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The effects of severity of grazing on the herbage intake and milk production of continuously stocked British Friesian cows calving in February–March were examined in three experiments conducted in the years 1976–78 (experiments 1–3 respectively) using a put-and-take technique. In experiment 1 four grazing severities were imposed by maintaining swards with different herbage masses (2500, 3000, 3500, 4000 kg OM ha-1); in experiments 2 and 3 there were two severities of grazing maintained by keeping swards canopies at constant heights of 5 and 7 cm (experiment 2) and 5 and 7·2 cm (experiment 3). Cows were reallocated to treatment every 8 weeks in experiments 1 and 2 and there were three periods, whereas they all grazed throughout a 23-week period on the same treatment in the final trial.A decrease in the quantity of herbage on offer or in sward height reduced herbage intake and milk production in all experiments. Mean daily herbage OM intakes were 11·2, 12·2, 12·2 and 12·2 kg respectively in experiment 1, 12·2 and 13·2 kg respectively in experiment 2 and 12·2 and 152 kg respectively in experiment 3. Mean daily solids–corrected milk yields were 14·2, 15·2, 15·2 and 16·2 kg respectively in experiment 1, 14·2 and 16·2 kg respectively in experiment 2 and 12·2 and 17·2 kg respectively in experiment 3. It was apparent from the data obtained in the first two trials that grazing at a sward canopy height of 7 rather than 9 cm had little effect, but that at 5 cm there were significant depressions in both herbage intake and milk production. Milk yield was depressed to a greater extent when cows were kept on the same treatment for the whole season.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1981.tb01568.x
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