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  • 1
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    A case study of a large patch of billows surmounted by elevated convection (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-04-15
    Description: A region of large-amplitude Kelvin-Helmholtz billows, of area 2000 km 2 , was observed in a region of moderate rain at the rear of a mesoscale convective system on a day during the Convective Storm Initiation Project in southern England. The mesoscale convective system (MCS) was characterized by elevated convection above a layer of cool air, separated by a sloping statically stable layer characterized by strong wind shear. Doppler radar observations showed that the large patch of billows was situated within this shear layer and that it persisted over the 2 h period of observation, maintaining its position with respect to the MCS and producing surface pressure perturbations of ±0.3 hPa. Potentially unstable air above the sloping shear layer reached its level of free convection while ascending above this layer. The resulting elevated convection was in the form of cells whose spacing appeared to be influenced by the underlying billows. Results from large-eddy model simulations are shown to support the hypothesis that, although the large-scale ascent alone would have triggered the elevated convection, the billows exerted a secondary forcing effect on the convection. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
    Print ISSN: 0035-9009
    Electronic ISSN: 1477-870X
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by Wiley
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  • 2
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    A case study of a large patch of billows surmounted by elevated convection (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-02
    Description: A region of large-amplitude Kelvin-Helmholtz billows, of area 2000 km 2 , was observed in a region of moderate rain at the rear of a mesoscale convective system on a day during the Convective Storm Initiation Project in southern England. The mesoscale convective system (MCS) was characterized by elevated convection above a layer of cool air, separated by a sloping statically stable layer characterized by strong wind shear. Doppler radar observations showed that the large patch of billows was situated within this shear layer and that it persisted over the 2 h period of observation, maintaining its position with respect to the MCS and producing surface pressure perturbations of ±0.3 hPa. Potentially unstable air above the sloping shear layer reached its level of free convection while ascending above this layer. The resulting elevated convection was in the form of cells whose spacing appeared to be influenced by the underlying billows. Results from large-eddy model simulations are shown to support the hypothesis that, although the large-scale ascent alone would have triggered the elevated convection, the billows exerted a secondary forcing effect on the convection. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
    Print ISSN: 0035-9009
    Electronic ISSN: 1477-870X
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by Wiley
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  • 3
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    The clustering of galaxies in the SDSS-III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey: measuring growth rate and geometry with anisotropic clustering (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-25
    Description: We use the observed anisotropic clustering of galaxies in the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey Data Release 11 CMASS sample to measure the linear growth rate of structure, the Hubble expansion rate and the comoving distance scale. Our sample covers 8498 deg 2 and encloses an effective volume of 6 Gpc 3 at an effective redshift of $\bar{z} = 0.57$ . We find f 8  = 0.441 ± 0.044, H  = 93.1 ± 3.0 km s –1 Mpc –1 and D A  = 1380 ± 23 Mpc when fitting the growth and expansion rate simultaneously. When we fix the background expansion to the one predicted by spatially flat cold dark matter (CDM) model in agreement with recent Planck results, we find f 8  = 0.447 ± 0.028 (6 per cent accuracy). While our measurements are generally consistent with the predictions of CDM and general relativity, they mildly favour models in which the strength of gravitational interactions is weaker than what is predicted by general relativity. Combining our measurements with recent cosmic microwave background data results in tight constraints on basic cosmological parameters and deviations from the standard cosmological model. Separately varying these parameters, we find w  = –0.983 ± 0.075 (8 per cent accuracy) and  = 0.69 ± 0.11 (16 per cent accuracy) for the effective equation of state of dark energy and the growth rate index, respectively. Both constraints are in good agreement with the standard model values of w  = –1 and  = 0.554.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 4
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    The clustering of galaxies in the SDSS-III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey: cosmological implications of the full shape of the clustering wedges in the data release 10 and 11 galaxy samples (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-11
    Description: We explore the cosmological implications of the angle-averaged correlation function, ( s ), and the clustering wedges, ( s ) and || ( s ), of the LOWZ and CMASS galaxy samples from Data Releases 10 and 11 of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey III (SDSS-III) Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey. Our results show no significant evidence for a deviation from the standard cold dark matter model. The combination of the information from our clustering measurements with recent data from the cosmic microwave background is sufficient to constrain the curvature of the Universe to k  = 0.0010 ± 0.0029, the total neutrino mass to m  〈 0.23 eV (95 per cent confidence level), the effective number of relativistic species to N eff  = 3.31 ± 0.27 and the dark energy equation of state to w DE  = –1.051 ± 0.076. These limits are further improved by adding information from Type Ia supernovae and baryon acoustic oscillations from other samples. In particular, this data set combination is completely consistent with a time-independent dark energy equation of state, in which case we find w DE  = –1.024 ± 0.052. We explore the constraints on the growth rate of cosmic structures assuming f ( z ) =  m ( z ) and obtain  = 0.69 ± 0.15, consistent with the predictions of general relativity of  = 0.55.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 5
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    Functional metagenomic profiling of nine biomes (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2008-03-14
    Description: Microbial activities shape the biogeochemistry of the planet and macroorganism health. Determining the metabolic processes performed by microbes is important both for understanding and for manipulating ecosystems (for example, disruption of key processes that lead to disease, conservation of environmental services, and so on). Describing microbial function is hampered by the inability to culture most microbes and by high levels of genomic plasticity. Metagenomic approaches analyse microbial communities to determine the metabolic processes that are important for growth and survival in any given environment. Here we conduct a metagenomic comparison of almost 15 million sequences from 45 distinct microbiomes and, for the first time, 42 distinct viromes and show that there are strongly discriminatory metabolic profiles across environments. Most of the functional diversity was maintained in all of the communities, but the relative occurrence of metabolisms varied, and the differences between metagenomes predicted the biogeochemical conditions of each environment. The magnitude of the microbial metabolic capabilities encoded by the viromes was extensive, suggesting that they serve as a repository for storing and sharing genes among their microbial hosts and influence global evolutionary and metabolic processes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dinsdale, Elizabeth A -- Edwards, Robert A -- Hall, Dana -- Angly, Florent -- Breitbart, Mya -- Brulc, Jennifer M -- Furlan, Mike -- Desnues, Christelle -- Haynes, Matthew -- Li, Linlin -- McDaniel, Lauren -- Moran, Mary Ann -- Nelson, Karen E -- Nilsson, Christina -- Olson, Robert -- Paul, John -- Brito, Beltran Rodriguez -- Ruan, Yijun -- Swan, Brandon K -- Stevens, Rick -- Valentine, David L -- Thurber, Rebecca Vega -- Wegley, Linda -- White, Bryan A -- Rohwer, Forest -- England -- Nature. 2008 Apr 3;452(7187):629-32. doi: 10.1038/nature06810. Epub 2008 Mar 12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, USA. elizabeth_dinsdale@hotmail.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18337718" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa/physiology ; Archaea/genetics/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Bacteria/*genetics/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Chemotaxis/genetics ; Computational Biology ; Culicidae/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes/physiology ; Fresh Water ; *Gene Expression Profiling ; Genome, Archaeal ; Genome, Bacterial ; Genome, Viral ; *Genomics ; Microbiology ; Seawater ; Viruses/*genetics/isolation & purification/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 6
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    Simulations of an observed elevated mesoscale convective system over southern England during CSIP IOP 3 (2016)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-10
    Description: Simulations of an elevated mesoscale convective system (MCS) observed over southern England during the Convective Storm Initiation Project (CSIP) provide the first detailed modelling study of a case of elevated convection occurring in the UK. The study shows that many factors can influence the maintenance of elevated deep convection, from large-scale flow through to surface heating processes and diabatic cooling within the convective system. It is also shown that interactions and feedback mechanisms between a stable layer and the storm can act to maintain deep convection. The simulation successfully reproduced an elevated MCS above a low-level stable undercurrent, with a wave in the undercurrent linked to a rear-inflow jet (RIJ). Convection was fed from an elevated (840 hPa) source layer with CAPE of about 350 J kg − 1 . The undercurrent in the simulation was approximately 1 km deep, about half that observed. Unlike the observed MCS, a transition from elevated to surface-based convection occurred in the simulation due to the combined effects of a pre-existing large-scale θ e gradient, advection and surface heating causing the system to encounter increasingly unstable low-level air and a shallower stable layer that was more susceptible to penetration by downdraughts. The transition to surface-based convection was accompanied by the development of cold-pool outflow and an increase in system velocity from about 6 to 10 m s − 1 . Diabatic cooling from microphysical processes in the simulation enhanced the undercurrent and strengthened the RIJ. This strengthened the wave in the undercurrent and led to more extensive convection. The existence of a positive feedback process between the convection, RIJ and stable layer is discussed. Uncertainty in the synoptic scale generating errors in the undercurrent is shown to be a major source of error for convective-scale forecasts.
    Print ISSN: 0035-9009
    Electronic ISSN: 1477-870X
    Topics: Geography , Physics
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  • 7
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    School-based early childhood education and age-28 well-being: effects by timing, dosage, and subgroups (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-11
    Description: Advances in understanding the effects of early education have benefited public policy and developmental science. Although preschool has demonstrated positive effects on life-course outcomes, limitations in knowledge on program scale, subgroup differences, and dosage levels have hindered understanding. We report the effects of the Child-Parent Center Education Program on indicators of well-being up to 25 years later for more than 1400 participants. This established, publicly funded intervention begins in preschool and provides up to 6 years of service in inner-city Chicago schools. Relative to the comparison group receiving the usual services, program participation was independently linked to higher educational attainment, income, socioeconomic status (SES), and health insurance coverage, as well as lower rates of justice-system involvement and substance abuse. Evidence of enduring effects was strongest for preschool, especially for males and children of high school dropouts. The positive influence of four or more years of service was limited primarily to education and SES. Dosage within program components was mostly unrelated to outcomes. Findings demonstrate support for the enduring effects of sustained school-based early education to the end of the third decade of life.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3774305/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3774305/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Reynolds, Arthur J -- Temple, Judy A -- Ou, Suh-Ruu -- Arteaga, Irma A -- White, Barry A B -- HD034294/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 HD034294/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jul 15;333(6040):360-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1203618. Epub 2011 Jun 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Child Development and Human Capital Research Collaborative, University of Minnesota, 51 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. ajr@umn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21659565" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Chicago ; Child, Preschool ; *Early Intervention (Education) ; *Education ; Educational Status ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Income ; Male ; Personal Satisfaction ; Social Class
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 8
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    Prolactin receptors in Rana catesbeiana during development and metamorphosis (1979)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979-05-25
    Description: Specific binding of ovine prolactin was found in microsomal preparations of tail, gill, and kidney of the bullfrog Ran catesbeiana. Binding by larval and adult liver and by kidney before larval stage XVII was low or nondetectable. Renal binding increased during metamorphic climax and in response to treatment with thyroid hormone. The emergence of renal binding of prolactin may signify a shift in the hormone's participation in the control of hydromineral homeostasis from the gill, which is resorbed, to the kidney. A renal action of prolactin during climax may facilitate metamorphosis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉White, B A -- Nicoll, C S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1979 May 25;204(4395):851-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/220708" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Gills/metabolism ; Kidney/metabolism ; Kinetics ; Liver/metabolism ; *Metamorphosis, Biological ; Microsomes/metabolism ; Prolactin/*physiology ; Rana catesbeiana/*growth & development ; Receptors, Cell Surface/*metabolism ; Tail/metabolism ; Thyroxine/pharmacology ; Water-Electrolyte Balance
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and electropolymerization of distyrylbipyridine and methyldistyrylbipyridine complexes of iron, ruthenium, osmium, rhenium, and cobalt (1987)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Inorganic chemistry 26 (1987), S. 882-891 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-510X
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic00253a022
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrochemical polymerization of amino-, pyrrole-, and hydroxy-substituted tetraphenylporphyrins (1987)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Inorganic chemistry 26 (1987), S. 1009-1017 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-510X
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic00254a011
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