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  • 1
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    Using Single Scattering Albedo Spectral Curvature to Characterize East Asian Aerosol Mixtures (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-02-05
    Description: Spectral dependence of aerosol Single Scattering Albedo (SSA) has been used to infer aerosol composition. In particular, aerosol mixtures dominated by dust absorption will have monotonically increasing SSA with wavelength while that dominated by black carbon absorption has monotonically decreasing SSA spectra. However, by analyzing SSA measured at four wavelengths: 440 nm, 675 nm, 870 nm and 1020 nm from the AERONET dataset, we find that the SSA spectra over East Asia are frequently peaked at 675 nm. In these cases, we suggest that SSA spectral curvature, defined as the negative of the second derivative of SSA as a function of wavelength, can provide additional information on the composition of these aerosol mixtures. Aerosol SSA spectral curvatures for East Asia during fall and winter are considerably larger than those found in places primarily dominated by biomass burning or dust aerosols. SSA curvature is found to increase as the SSA magnitude decreases. The curvature increases with coarse mode fraction (CMF) to a CMF value of about 0.4, then slightly decreases or remains constant at larger CMF. Mie calculations further verify that the strongest SSA curvature occurs at ~40% dust fraction, with 10% scattering aerosol fraction. The non-monotonic SSA spectral dependence is likely associated with enhanced absorption in the shortwave by dust, absorption by black carbon at longer wavelengths, and also the flattened AOD spectral dependence due to the increased particle size.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    El Niño–Southern Oscillation correlated aerosol Ångström exponent anomaly over the tropical Pacific discovered in satellite measurements (2011)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2011-10-22
    Description: El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the dominant mode of interannual variability in the tropical atmosphere. ENSO could potentially impact local and global aerosol properties through atmospheric circulation anomalies and teleconnections. By analyzing aerosol properties, including aerosol optical depth (AOD) and Ångström exponent (AE; often used as a qualitative indicator of aerosol particle size) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer, the Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer and the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor for the period 2000–2011, we find a strong correlation between the AE data and the multivariate ENSO index (MEI) over the tropical Pacific. Over the western tropical Pacific (WTP), AE increases during El Niño events and decreases during La Niña events, while the opposite is true over the eastern tropical Pacific (ETP). The difference between AE anomalies in the WTP and ETP has a higher correlation coefficient (〉0.7) with the MEI than the individual time series and could be considered another type of ENSO index. As no significant ENSO correlation is found in AOD over the same region, the change in AE (and hence aerosol size) is likely to be associated with aerosol composition changes due to anomalous meteorological conditions induced by the ENSO. Several physical parameters or mechanisms that might be responsible for the correlation are discussed. Preliminary analysis indicates surface wind anomaly might be the major contributor, as it reduces sea-salt production and aerosol transport during El Niño events. Precipitation and cloud fraction are also found to be correlated with tropical Pacific AE. Possible mechanisms, including wet removal and cloud shielding effects, are considered. Variations in relative humidity, tropospheric ozone concentration, and ocean color during El Niño have been ruled out. Further investigation is needed to fully understand this AE-ENSO covariability and the underlying physical processes responsible for it.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 3
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    Application of Spectral Analysis Techniques in the Inter-comparison of Aerosol Data Part II: Using Maximum Covariance Analysis to Effectively Compare Spatio-Temporal Variability of Satellite and AERONET Measured Aerosol Optical Depth (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-13
    Description: [1]  Moderate Resolution Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MODIS) and Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiomater (MISR) provide regular aerosol observations with global coverage. It is also essential to examine the coherency between space- and ground-measured aerosol parameters in representing aerosol spatial and temporal variability, especially in the climate forcing and model validation context. In this paper, we introduce Maximum Covariance Analysis (MCA), also known as Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) analysis as an effective way to compare correlated aerosol spatial and temporal patterns between satellite measurements and AERONET data. This technique not only successfully extracts the variability of major aerosol regimes but also allows the simultaneous examination of the aerosol variability in both space and time. More importantly, it well accommodates the sparsely distributed AERONET data, for which other spectral decomposition methods, such as Principal Component Analysis, do not yield satisfactory results. The comparison shows overall good agreement between MODIS/MISR and AERONET in both the seasonal cycle and inter-annual variability. The correlations between the first three modes of MCA results for both MODIS/AERONET and MISR/AERONET are above 0.8 for the full data set and above 0.75 for the AOD anomaly data. The correlations between MODIS and MISR modes are also quite high (〉 0.9). We also examine the extent of spatial agreement of satellite and AERONET AOD data at the selected stations. For some sites with disagreements in the MCA results, such as Kanpur, also have low spatial coherency. This should be associated partly with high AOD spatial variability, and partly with uncertainties in satellite retrievals due to the seasonally varying aerosol types and surface properties.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
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    Application of Spectral Analysis Techniques in the Inter-comparison of Aerosol Data Part III: Using Combined PCA to Compare Spatio-Temporal Variability of MODIS, MISR and OMI Aerosol Optical Depth (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-11
    Description: [1]  Satellite measurements of global aerosol properties are very useful in constraining aerosol parameterization in climate models. The reliability of different data sets in representing global and regional aerosol variability becomes an essential question. In this study, we present the results of a comparison using Combined Principal Component Analysis (CPCA), applied to monthly mean, mapped (Level 3) AOD product from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). This technique effectively finds the common space-time variability in the multiple data sets by decomposing the combined AOD field. The results suggest that all of the sensors capture the globally important aerosol regimes, including dust, biomass buring, pollution and mixed aerosol types. Nonetheless, differences are also noted. Specifically, compared with MISR and OMI, MODIS variability is significantly higher over South America India and the Sahel. MODIS deep blue AOD has a lower seasonal variability in North Africa, accompanied by a decreasing trend that is not found in either MISR or OMI AOD data. The narrow swath of MISR results in an underestimation of dust variability over the Taklamakan desert. The MISR AOD data also exhibit overall lower variability in South America and the Sahel. OMI does not capture the Russian wild fire in 2010 nor the phase shift in biomass burning over East South America compared to Central South America, likely due to cloud contamination and the OMI row anomaly. OMI also indicates a much stronger (boreal) winter peak in South Africa compared with MODIS and MISR.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 5
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    The role of long-lived greenhouse gases as principal LW control knob that governs the global surface temperature for past and future climate change (2013)
    Co-Action Publishing
    In: Tellus B
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-11-28
    Description: The climate system of the Earth is endowed with a moderately strong greenhouse effect that is characterised by non-condensing greenhouse gases (GHGs) that provide the core radiative forcing. Of these, the most important is atmospheric CO 2 . There is a strong feedback contribution to the greenhouse effect by water vapour and clouds that is unique in the solar system, exceeding the core radiative forcing due to the non-condensing GHGs by a factor of three. The significance of the non-condensing GHGs is that once they have been injected into the atmosphere, they remain there virtually indefinitely because they do not condense and precipitate from the atmosphere, their chemical removal time ranging from decades to millennia. Water vapour and clouds have only a short lifespan, with their distribution determined by the locally prevailing meteorological conditions, subject to Clausius–Clapeyron constraint. Although solar irradiance is the ultimate energy source that powers the terrestrial greenhouse effect, there has been no discernable long-term trend in solar irradiance since precise monitoring began in the late 1970s. This leaves atmospheric CO 2 as the effective control knob driving the current global warming trend. Over geological time scales, volcanoes are the principal source of atmospheric CO 2 , and the weathering of rocks is the principal sink, with the biosphere participating as both a source and a sink. The problem at hand is that human industrial activity is causing atmospheric CO 2 , to increase by 2 ppm yr −1 , whereas the interglacial rate has been 0.005 ppm yr −1 . This is a geologically unprecedented rate to turn the CO 2 climate control knob. This is causing the global warming that threatens the global environment. Keywords: carbon dioxide, greenhouse effect, radiative forcing, climate change, global warming (Published: 27 November 2013) Citation: Tellus B 2013, 65 , 19734, http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v65i0.19734 This publication is part of a Thematic Cluster with papers presented at a conference held in Stockholm 21 - 23 May 2012, to honor the late Professor Bert Bolin for his outstanding contributions to climate science and his efforts to create a dialogue between policy makers and the scientific community. All papers within the cluster will be published online as soon as they have been accepted for publication. When all papers belonging to the cluster have been published, they will be summarized with a foreword describing the background and scope of the conference. Read the other papers from this thematic cluster here
    Print ISSN: 0280-6509
    Electronic ISSN: 1600-0889
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by Co-Action Publishing on behalf of The International Meteorological Institute in Stockholm.
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  • 6
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    Interpretation of snow-climate feedback as produced by 17 general circulation models (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-08-23
    Description: Snow feedback is expected to amplify global warming caused by increasing concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases. The conventional explanation is that a warmer Earth will have less snow cover, resulting in a darker planet that absorbs more solar radiation. An intercomparison of 17 general circulation models, for which perturbations of sea surface temperature were used as a surrogate climate change, suggests that this explanation is overly simplistic. The results instead indicate that additional amplification or moderation may be caused both by cloud interactions and longwave radiation. One measure of this net effect of snow feedback was found to differ markedly among the 17 climate models, ranging from weak negative feedback in some models to strong positive feedback in others.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cess, R D -- Potter, G L -- Zhang, M H -- Blanchet, J P -- Chalita, S -- Colman, R -- Dazlich, D A -- Genio, A D -- Dymnikov, V -- Galin, V -- Jerrett, D -- Keup, E -- Lacis, A A -- LE Treut, H -- Liang, X Z -- Mahfouf, J F -- McAvaney, B J -- Meleshko, V P -- Mitchell, J F -- Morcrette, J J -- Norris, P M -- Randall, D A -- Rikus, L -- Roeckner, E -- Royer, J F -- Schlese, U -- Sheinin, D A -- Slingo, J M -- Sokolov, A S -- Taylor, K E -- Washington, W M -- Wetherald, R T -- Yagai, I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Aug 23;253(5022):888-92.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17751825" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    Earth's energy imbalance: confirmation and implications (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2005-04-30
    Description: Our climate model, driven mainly by increasing human-made greenhouse gases and aerosols, among other forcings, calculates that Earth is now absorbing 0.85 +/- 0.15 watts per square meter more energy from the Sun than it is emitting to space. This imbalance is confirmed by precise measurements of increasing ocean heat content over the past 10 years. Implications include (i) the expectation of additional global warming of about 0.6 degrees C without further change of atmospheric composition; (ii) the confirmation of the climate system's lag in responding to forcings, implying the need for anticipatory actions to avoid any specified level of climate change; and (iii) the likelihood of acceleration of ice sheet disintegration and sea level rise.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hansen, James -- Nazarenko, Larissa -- Ruedy, Reto -- Sato, Makiko -- Willis, Josh -- Del Genio, Anthony -- Koch, Dorothy -- Lacis, Andrew -- Lo, Ken -- Menon, Surabi -- Novakov, Tica -- Perlwitz, Judith -- Russell, Gary -- Schmidt, Gavin A -- Tausnev, Nicholas -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jun 3;308(5727):1431-5. Epub 2005 Apr 28.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY 10025, USA. jhansen@giss.nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15860591" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Uncertainties in carbon dioxide radiative forcing in atmospheric general circulation models (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1993-11-19
    Description: Global warming caused by an increase in the concentrations of greenhouse gases, is the direct result of greenhouse gas-induced radiative forcing. When a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide is considered, this forcing differed substantially among 15 atmospheric general circulation models. Although there are several potential causes, the largest contributor was the carbon dioxide radiation parameterizations of the models.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cess, R D -- Zhang, M H -- Potter, G L -- Barker, H W -- Colman, R A -- Dazlich, D A -- Del Genio, A D -- Esch, M -- Fraser, J R -- Galin, V -- Gates, W L -- Hack, J J -- Ingram, W J -- Kiehl, J T -- Lacis, A A -- Le Treut, H -- Li, Z X -- Liang, X Z -- Mahfouf, J F -- McAvaney, B J -- Meleshko, V P -- Morcrette, J J -- Randall, D A -- Roeckner, E -- Royer, J F -- Sokolov, A P -- Sporyshev, P V -- Taylor, K E -- Wang, W C -- Wetherald, R T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Nov 19;262(5137):1252-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17772648" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Long-term satellite record reveals likely recent aerosol trend (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-03-17
    Description: Analysis of the long-term Global Aerosol Climatology Project data set reveals a likely decrease of the global optical thickness of tropospheric aerosols by as much as 0.03 during the period from 1991 to 2005. This recent trend mirrors the concurrent global increase in solar radiation fluxes at Earth's surface and may have contributed to recent changes in surface climate.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mishchenko, Michael I -- Geogdzhayev, Igor V -- Rossow, William B -- Cairns, Brian -- Carlson, Barbara E -- Lacis, Andrew A -- Liu, Li -- Travis, Larry D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Mar 16;315(5818):1543.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025, USA. mmishchenko@giss.nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17363666" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Atmospheric CO2: principal control knob governing Earth's temperature (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-10-16
    Description: Ample physical evidence shows that carbon dioxide (CO(2)) is the single most important climate-relevant greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere. This is because CO(2), like ozone, N(2)O, CH(4), and chlorofluorocarbons, does not condense and precipitate from the atmosphere at current climate temperatures, whereas water vapor can and does. Noncondensing greenhouse gases, which account for 25% of the total terrestrial greenhouse effect, thus serve to provide the stable temperature structure that sustains the current levels of atmospheric water vapor and clouds via feedback processes that account for the remaining 75% of the greenhouse effect. Without the radiative forcing supplied by CO(2) and the other noncondensing greenhouse gases, the terrestrial greenhouse would collapse, plunging the global climate into an icebound Earth state.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lacis, Andrew A -- Schmidt, Gavin A -- Rind, David -- Ruedy, Reto A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Oct 15;330(6002):356-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1190653.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025, USA. andrew.a.lacis@nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20947761" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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