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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2000-08-02
    Print ISSN: 0953-8984
    Electronic ISSN: 1361-648X
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Institute of Physics
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 107 (1997), S. 9302-9311 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Microwave spectroscopy that can be applied to study the dielectric relaxation of various fluids under high temperature and pressure has been developed in the frequency range up to 40 GHz. By utilizing this new technique, the dielectric relaxation of water has been measured in the temperature and pressure range up to 750 °C and 120 MPa, which corresponds to a density range between 0.05 and 1 g/cm3. The static dielectric constant cursive-epsilon(0) is deduced from the time required for a microwave signal to travel through the sample by means of the time domain analysis, and is in good agreement with the literature. The dielectric relaxation time τ is obtained by fitting the experimentally observed microwave transmission rate to the value calculated using the S-matrices on the assumption that the dielectric constant obeys the Debye relaxation. The results of τ at ambient pressure agree very well with previous data. Below about 350 °C, τ rapidly decreases with increasing temperature nearly independent of pressure, while above about 350 °C, τ changes little with temperature and increases rapidly with decreasing density. It is concluded that the most relevant parameter determining τ is the temperature at lower temperatures or higher densities, and it is the density d at higher temperatures or lower densities. A possible change in the nature of hydrogen bonding is suggested to explain the observed temperature and density dependence of τ. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 110 (1999), S. 3026-3036 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Recently we developed a new microwave spectroscopy technique in the frequency range up to 40 GHz, and measured the static dielectric constant and the dielectric relaxation time for supercritical water. In the present work we report the dielectric properties of heavy water at temperatures and pressures up to 770 K and 59 MPa, respectively. The static dielectric constant of D2O as well as H2O are well described by the Uematsu–Franck formula when the number density instead of the mass density is used as the input parameter. The dielectric relaxation time decreases rapidly with increasing temperature in liquid H2O and D2O and jumps to a large value at the liquid–gas transition. The relaxation time of D2O is longer than that of H2O in the liquid state, and the difference becomes smaller with decreasing density in the gaseous state. For both H2O and D2O the most relevant parameter determining the relaxation time is the temperature at high densities or at low temperatures, and it is the density at low densities or at high temperatures. Based upon the observation that the dielectric relaxation time becomes fairly long in the dilute limit, we have concluded that the dielectric relaxation in the gaseous state is governed by the binary collision of water molecules and explained the relaxation time quantitatively by the collision time. We have extended the interpretation of the dielectric relaxation to the liquid state by taking into account the contribution of bound water molecules that are incorporated in the hydrogen-bond network. Anomalous relaxation at low temperatures is also discussed. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Indoor air 14 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-0668
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 334-339 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: An automatic diffraction data collection system with an imaging plate has been developed for protein crystallography. The system works in a similar way to the conventional rotation camera method, but in full online mode. After exposure to the X-ray beam, the imaging plate (100 mm radius) rotates whilst a reading head scans across the plate to measure the stimulated luminescence in a record-player-like manner. During the next period of exposure, the image taken immediately before is processed in parallel. The system has been tested using both peptide and protein crystals and has been proven to work successfully.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 27 (1994), S. 92-95 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A new technique to determine the orientation of a single-crystal is presented. The technique utilizes two screenless Weissenberg oscillation photographs taken in the same crystal oscillation range but with different film-translation-to-crystal-oscillation gear ratios. The technique is especially useful for small-molecule single-crystal data-collection systems using an imaging plate as an area detector. A program system was written and successfully applied to an imaging-plate diffractometer (IPD-WAS) designed for studying phase transitions in the crystalline state.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 28 (1995), S. 225-227 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A brief description of a 3D graphics simulation program for single-crystal diffractometry is presented. The program displays both χ- and κ-type diffractometers with a zero-dimensional (conventional) counter or a two-dimensional area detector and simulates the process of data collection. This program has been designed for assisting actual data collection using these devices, but it could also be useful as a tutorial aid for those starting to learn single-crystal diffractometry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chester : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Journal of synchrotron radiation 5 (1998), S. 215-221 
    ISSN: 1600-5775
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The ESRF undulator beamline ID14 `Quadriga' is dedicated to monochromatic macromolecular crystallography. Using two undulators with 23 mm and 42 mm periods and a minimum gap of 16 mm installed on a high-β section, it will provide high-brilliance X-ray beams at around 13.5 keV, as well as a wide tuneability between 6.8 and 40 keV. Based on the Troika concept, this beamline has four simultaneously operating experimental stations: three side stations, EH1, EH2 and EH3, using thin diamond crystals, and an end station, EH4, with a fast-scan double-crystal monochromator. Station EH3 has a κ-diffractometer, and an off-line Weissenberg camera with a large 80 × 80 cm active area combined with a 2048 × 2048 CCD detector. During data collection the image plates are placed and removed by a robot located inside the hutch using a cassette system. After data collection the image plates are scanned with an off-line drum scanner. Station EH4 is designed for MAD applications, including Xe K-edge anomalous experiments, and is equipped with a 2048 × 2048 CCD detector on a pseudo 2θ arm. A common graphical user interface and a database will be available to cover all aspects of data collection, including strategy optimization. First results on the performance of the optics elements and initial crystallographic results are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Ultramicroscopy 52 (1993), S. 282-288 
    ISSN: 0304-3991
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Trends in Cell Biology 2 (1992), S. 40 
    ISSN: 0962-8924
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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