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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inspection of transparent polymers by photothermal detection of ultraviolet-laser generated thermal waves (1991)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 70 (1991), S. 5221-5223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The concept of photothermal wave imaging has been adapted to the nondestructive inspection of transparent polymeric samples by specific generation of thermal waves. Utilization of light sources according to the absorption properties of the material secured pure surface heating which is necessary for sensible measurements. Thickness profiles of thin films made of poly(ethylene terephthalate), which are transparent in the visible spectrum, could be measured using a pulsed KrF laser. Examples for the nondestructive inspection of complex textile samples such as coated fabrics are presented.The photothermal analysis (PTA) of optically generated thermal waves is a powerful tool for nondestructive, contactless inspection and evaluation of intrinsic properties of a sample.1,2 The method has been used for the observation of dynamic processes in adhesives, for the inspection of coatings on metal and of carbon fiber composites. A modulated light source, e.g., a chopped HeNe- or Ar+ laser, is used for local, modulated heating at the sample's surface resulting in a time- and space-dependent temperature modulation which propagates through the material. In the case of a homogeneous layer heated only in a small volume at the surface the solution of the heat diffusion equation gives a heavily damped thermal wave T(x,y,z;t). In a one-dimensional model3 only the direction z perpendicular to the surface is considered and we obtain
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.350230
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical and physical properties of laser-treated poly(ethyleneterephthalate) (1990)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 68 (1990), S. 1854-1858 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The effects on chemical and physical properties due to microstructuring of poly(ethyleneterephthalate) (PETP) fiber surfaces by uv-laser treatment are investigated. Data are given about a slight color change at the irradiated sites of laser-treated fabrics in relation to the amount of debris deposited under ablating conditions. The debris formed under irradiation in air consists of carbonlike particles. Evidence is given for the pure pyrolytic nature of uv-laser ablation of PETP at 248 nm by using laser desorption mass spectroscopy. Chemical modification of the surface, yielding some carboxylic groups, an increased O-to-C ratio, and a small change of the crystallinity of the fiber surface is detected using x-ray-induced photoelectron spectroscopic and Fourier-transform infrared analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.346623
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphological changes of the surface structure of polymers due to excimer laser radiation: A synergetic effect? (1989)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 66 (1989), S. 1884-1886 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Excimer-laser-induced ablation of polymers is often accompanied by a modification of the surface morphology at the irradiated regions. Only very recently models have been proposed for this effect, the origin being searched in different absorption properties of crystalline and amorphous material. A study by the authors on synthetic fibers irradiated by the UV laser is in contrast with that assumption and gave evidence of a thermal contribution to laser-polymer interaction. Furthermore, a strong influence of internal or external stress fields is found. On this basis a synergetic understanding of the surface structures is proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.344371
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmentally friendly dyeing of synthetic fibres and textile accessories (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of clothing science & technology 7 (1995), S. 17-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 0955-6222
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Provides a survey about a new process for dyeing synthetic fibres and fabrics. The use of disperse dyes in supercritical carbon dioxide as a dyeing medium completely avoids water pollution and the need for drying. Presents laboratory results showing excellent levelness and fastnesses on the dyeing of polyethylene terephthalate and on polyamides. Describes the state of technical development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09556229510080701
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of ligand structure and solvent effects on complexation of neutral guests by several crown ethers (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 23 (1994), S. 53-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Crown ethers ; benzocrown ethers ; non-charged complexes ; host-guest complexes ; calorimetric titration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The formation of complexes between crown ethers and acetonitrile, chloroform, and nitromethane were investigated in carbon tetrachloride at 25°C. A significant influence of the ring size on the selectivity of the host is evident. The host 18-crown-6 forms complexes for which the reaction enthalpy and entropy are quite high. Host molecules with benzene side groups form complexes of lower reaction enthalpy and entropy and therefore the complexes formed are less stable than that of the analogous crown ethers without aromatic groups. Solvent effects on the stability constant K, the reaction enthalpy ΔH, and the reaction entropy ΔS were studied for the complexation of malonitrile by 18-crown-6. The reaction enthalpy and entropy values change in accordance with the dielectric constant of the solvent used, but no overall effect on complex stability with change in solvent dielectric constant was observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00972607
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Strategies for the development of a voltammetric sensor for the determination of hydrogen peroxide at high concentrations (1994)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 348 (1994), S. 820-824 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Different strategies are presented for the development of a voltammetric sensor for in-line measurement and monitoring of H2O2 in high concentrations (up to 30 g/l) as used in textile bleaching systems. When using macroelectrodes, signal saturation is observed even at medium concentrations. Some improvement can be achieved by hydrodynamic electrodes like ring-disk electrodes. Satisfactory results up to the desired level in practical solutions (possessing only limited conductivity) are obtained with Pt-microelectrodes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01780984
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Partikelgrößenanalyse von dispersen farbstoffsystemen I. Grundlagen zur partikelgrößenanalyse mittels photonen-korrelations-spektroskopieHerrn Dr. Gerhard Heidemann zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1990), S. 51-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: One constitutive property for the description of dyeing polyester-materials with disperse dyes is the particle size distribution in the dye bath. To measure particle sizes below one micrometer in situ, special techniques are required. One of these is the so called photon-correlation-spectroscopy, depending on the scattering of laser light by suspended small particles in a fluid. The mathematical and physical principles of the photon-correlation-technique are explained in this article.
    Notes: Eine zur Beschreibung des Färbevorganges von Polyestermaterialien mit Dispersionsfarbstoffen wesentliche Größe stellt die Partikelgrößenverteilung im Farbebad dar. Partikelgrößen unterhalb eines Mikrometers lassen sich in situ nur mit wenigen Meßtechniken bestimmen. Dazu zählt u. a. die Photonen-Korrelations-Spektroskopie, die auf Streuung von Laserlicht an kleinen, in einer Flüssigkeit suspendierten Teilchen basiert. Die mathematischen und physikalischen Grundlagen dieser Meßtechnik werden in diesem Artikel erläutert.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1990.051750105
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oberflächenstrukturierung polymerer Fasern durch UV-Laserbestrahlung. 13. Oberflächenstrukturierung von HochleistungsfasernTeil 12 cf. Lit.5. (1992)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 196 (1992), S. 179-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The UV-laser induced surface modification of various types of high-performance fibers is investigated. Due to the high UV-absorption coefficients, the well-known effect of UV-laser induced etching (ablation) is observed with all fiber types. Furthermore, the relaxation of orientated macromolecules leads to a characteristic structuring of the fiber surface. For a possible controlled use of this physical surface modification, exact conditions for the treatment in view of textile applications are determined. Useful constants like threshold of ablation, etching rate and structuring constants are measured for all fiber types.
    Notes: Die Oberflächenbehandlung von unterschiedlichen Hochleistungsfasertypen mit gepulstem UV- Laserlicht wird untersucht. Bedingt durch die hohen UV-Absorptionskoeffizienten dieser Materialien wird der bekannte Effekt des UV-laserinduzierten Abtrags (Ablation) bei allen Fasern beobachtet. Zusätzlich werden durch die Relaxation der orientierten Makromoleküle charakteristische Strukturierungen auf der Faseroberfläche ausgebildet. Für einen möglichen kontrollierten und gezielten Einsatz dieser physikalischen Oberflächenmodifizierung in textilen Anwendungen werden die gnaunen Bedingungen der Laserbestrahlung ermittelt und beschieben. Darüber hinaus werden geeignete Konstanten der Laserbearbeitung wie Ablationsschwellenenergie, Ätzraten und Strukturierungskonstanten für verschiedene Fasertypen bestimmt.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1992.051960115
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization and application of poly(vinyl alcohol)/starch composite as a sizing agentResults published in this paper were extracted from the Ph. D. Thesis to be submitted by M. M. Hashem to Cairo University, Egypt. (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 241 (1996), S. 149-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zur Entwicklung neuartiger ökologisch verträglicher makromolekularer Schlichtemittel wurden in früheren Arbeiten Copolymerisationsreaktionen zwischen Polyvinylalkohol (PVA) und Stärke unter Verwendung von chemisch reaktiven bifunktionellen Verbindungen wie N-Methylolacrylamid beschrieben. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit werden die physikochemischen Eigenschaften des resultierenden Copolymeren untersucht. Von Bedeutung sind hierbei insbesondere Merkmale wie Molekulargewichtsverteilung, Klebekraft, Stabilität, Löslichkeit sowie rheologische Eigenschaften. Derartige Kenntnisse über die physikochemische Beschaffenheit der PVA-Ausgangsverbindung sowie des makromolekularen Endproduktes sind eine wesentliche Voraussetzung für die Entwicklung von neuen Produkten, die als wasserlösliche, recycelbare Schlichtemittel zur Anwendung in der Textilindustrie kommen können.
    Notes: A macromolecular sizing agent based on the copolymerization of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with hydrolysed starch was prepared using the chemically reactive bifunctional compound N-methylolacrylamide. Detailed characteristics of the resultant PVA/N-methylolcarbamoylethylated starch copolymer were studied where emphasis has been placed on solubility, rheological properties, molecular weight distribution, adhesive power and stability. Elucidation of the nature of the macromolecular segments of both N-methylolcarbamoylethylated PVA as well as PVA/N-methylolcarbamoylethylated starch copolymer fulfilled the prerequisite to tailor PVA/starch copolymer which is appropriate for application as a water-soluble recyclable sizing agent by ultrafiltration.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052410112
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanische eigenschaften von polyesterfasern bei kurzzeitiger beanspruchung, 3Teil 2: cf. Lit.1.. Konstruktion von relaxations- und retardations-masterkurven von polyester-multifilamentgarn (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 169 (1989), S. 1-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Polyethylene terephthalate (PETP)-multifilament yarns with different thermal history were used as testing materials. Stress-strain-curves from 0.1 up to 100000%/s were determinated. These data were used to compute relaxation- and retardationcurves over 7 decades of time. By superponing relaxation-functions for various elongations respectively retardation-functions for various stresses, mastercurves over 21 respectively 13 decades of time were obtained which can be subdivided into 4 regions, associating the following changes of structure: Region 1: suddenly recovering quasielastic deformation with relaxation times between minor 1 and 10 sRegion 2: irreversible deformation, consolidation, with relaxation times between 10 and 105 s,Region 3: elastic behaviour of the physical network with relaxation times between 105 and 107 s andRegion 4: transformation and destruction of the network with relaxation times between 107 and 1016 s.
    Notes: Von Polyethylenterephthalat (PETP)-Multifilamentgarnen mit unterschiedlicher thermischer Vorgeschichte wurden Kraft-Dehnungs-Kurven mit den Dehngeschwindigkeiten 0,1 bis 100 000%/s ermittelt. Diese lassen sich zu Relaxations- und Retardationskurven über sieben Zeitdekaden umrechnen. Durch Superponieren von Relaxationsfunktionen für unterschiedliche Dehnungen bzw. Retardationsfunktionen für unterschiedliche Fadenzugspannungen werden Relaxations- und Retardationsfunktionen bis 21 bzw. 13 Zeitdekaden bestimmt, die sich in vier Bereiche unterteilen lassen, denen folgende Strukturveränderungen zugeordnet werden können: Bereich 1: sofort erholbare, quasielastische Deformation mit Relaxationszeiten kleiner 1 bis 10 s,Bereich 2: irreversible Deformation, Verfestigung, mit Relaxationszeiten zwischen 10 und 105 s,Bereich 3: elastisches Verhalten des physikalischen Netzwerkes mit Relaxationszeiten zwischen 105 und 107 s undBereich 4: Umbau und Zerstörung des Netzwerkes mit Relaxationszeiten zwischen 107 und 1016 s.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1989.051690101
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