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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Perennial Nodules on Native Legumes in the British Isles (1961)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 192 (1961), S. 376-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Nodules on certain tropical woody legumes and perennial species of Lupinus are classed as exceptional in developing annual or seasonal increments of bacterial tissue. Various anatomical features are associated with the prolonged activity of such perennial nodules4. In an earlier paper5 a ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/192376a0
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature Characteristics of Bacterial Variation in Legume Symbiosis (1961)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 192 (1961), S. 637-639 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THERE is abundant evidence of wide variation 1 within the legume nodule organism Rhizobium. Cultural1 and serological2 characters have been used to define the free-living bacteria, while their behaviour in association with various legumes has been shown to range from non-invasibility3 or infection ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/192637a0
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of the ecosystem mimic concept to the species-rich Banksia woodlands of Western Australia (1999)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 45 (1999), S. 303-341 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: life form ; net primary productivity ; phenology ; rooting patterns ; trophic specialisations ; water relations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This article describes the structure and functioning of a natural Banksia woodland at Moora, Western Australia. Species are first grouped in terms of growth form, root morphology, phenology and nutrient acquisition strategy. Above- and belowground standing biomass of a woodland is measured and its net annual primary production per unit rainfall compared with that of adjacent crops and plantings of the tree tagasaste. Information on seasonal water use and nutrient cycling in the dominant tree species Banksia prionotes is used to highlight the pivotal role of deep rooted summer growing trees in the maintenance of sustainability of the system. The article then addresses how one might select species mixtures as functionally effective analogues of the woodland. Assuming the mimic system replaces cleared virgin woodland not previously subject to runoff of water and nutrients from agriculture, a selection procedure would incorporate native flora representing (a) summer-growing deep- rooted and winter-growing shallow-rooted trees and shrubs, (b) herbaceous ground cover species, (c) fire resistant and fire sensitive species, and (d) a range of complementary nutrient uptake strategies. Assuming the mimic is designed to rehabilitate agricultural land experiencing rising water tables and nitrate pollution of ground water, incorporation of fast growing deep rooted exotic trees or herbaceous perennials is recommended alongside conventional annual crops or pastures, with appropriate nutrient stripping through removal of biomass. Difficulties in this context are scale of planting required and current lack of profitable incentives for planting and maintenance of perennials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006218310248
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Petiole Bleeding Sap in the Examination of the Circulation of Nitrogenous Substances in Plants (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1073-1074 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE sap which bleeds from the stump of a decapitated JL plant is usually regarded as arising from cut xylem vessels and has been used in studying export to the shoot of organic and inorganic compounds of nitrogen from the roots of plants1-4. These investigations have recently been extended by ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041073a0
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The nitrogen supply from soils and insects during growth of the pitcher plants Nepenthes mirabilis, Cephalotus follicularis and Darlingtonia californica (1997)
    Springer
    Oecologia 112 (1997), S. 464-471 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Carnivorous plants ; Pitcher plants ; Insect nitrogen ; Nitrogen partitioning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This study investigated the nitrogen (N) acquisition from soil and insect capture during the growth of three species of pitcher plants, Nepenthes mirabilis, Cephalotus follicularis and Darlingtonia californica. 15N/14N natural abundance ratios (δ15N) of plants and pitchers of different age, non-carnivorous reference plants, and insect prey were used to estimate proportional contributions of insects to the N content of leaves and whole plants. Young Nepenthes leaves (phyllodes) carrying closed pitchers comprised major sinks for N and developed mainly from insect N captured elsewhere on the plant. Their δ15N values of up to 7.2‰ were higher than the average δ15N value of captured insects (mean δ15N value = 5.3‰). In leaves carrying old pitchers that are acting as a N source, the δ15N decreased to 3.0‰ indicating either an increasing contribution of soil N to those plant parts which in fact captured the insects or N gain from N2 fixation by microorganisms which may exist in old pitchers. The δ15N value of N in water collected from old pitchers was 1.2‰ and contained free amino acids. The fraction of insect N in young and old pitchers and their associated leaves decreased from 1.0 to 0.3 mg g−1. This fraction decreased further with the size of the investigated tiller. Nepenthes contained on average 61.5 ± 7.6% (mean ± SD, range 50–71%) insect N based on the N content of a whole tiller. In the absence of suitable non-carnivorous reference plants for Cephalotus, δ15N values were assessed across a developmental sequence from young plants lacking pitchers to large adults with up to 38 pitchers. The data indicated dependence on soil N until 4 pitchers had opened. Beyond that stage, plant size increased with the number of catching pitchers but the fraction of soil N remained high. Large Cephalotus plants were estimated to derive 26 ± 5.9% (mean ± SD of the three largest plants; range: 19–30%) of the N from insects. In Cephalotus we observed an increased δ15N value in sink versus source pitchers of about 1.2‰ on average. Source and sink pitchers of Darlingtonia had a similar δ15N value, but plant N in this species showed δ15N signals closer to that of insect N than in either Cephalotus or Nepenthes. Insect N contributed 76.4 ± 8.4% (range 57–90%) to total pitcher N content. The data suggest complex patterns of partitioning of insect and soil-derived N between source and sink regions in pitcher plants and possibly higher dependence on insect N than recorded elsewhere for Drosera species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050333
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heterotrophic gain of carbon from hosts by the xylem-tapping root hemiparasite Olax phyllanthi (Olacaceae) (1996)
    Springer
    Oecologia 105 (1996), S. 369-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Root hemiparasite ; Xylem transport ; Heterotrophy for carbon ; Host-parasite relationships ; Carbon isotopes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Heterotrophic gains of carbon from various host species by the root hemiparasitic shrub Olax phyllanthi (Labill) R.Br. were assessed using techniques based on carbon isotope discrimination (δ13C) on C3 and C4 hosts and C:N ratios of xylem sap and dry matter of host and parasite. Heterotrophic benefits (H) to Olax based on δ13C values were 30% and 19% from two nonnative C4 hosts (Portulaca oleracea and Amaranthus caudatus respectively) compared with 13% and 15% from these hosts when computed on the basis of C:N ratios of host xylem sap and C and N increments of Olax dry matter. Nitrate was the source of N available to pot cultures of the above species and estimates based on C:N ratios assumed that all N accumulated by Olax had come from nitrate absorbed by the host. Equivalent estimates of H for Olax, grown in nitrogen-free pot culture with the native N2-fixing host Acacia littorea as its sole source of N, indicated 63% and 51% dependence on host carbon when assessed in terms of xylem sap composition of host parasite respectively. Comparisons of xylem sap solutes of Olax and a range of partner hosts indicated marked selectivity in haustorial uptake and transfer of nitrate, amino compounds, organic acids and sugars. Possible implications of variations between hosts in absolute levels of C and inorganic and organic forms of N in xylem are discussed in relation to evidence of much better growth performance of Olax on Acacia littorea and other N2-fixing legumes than on non-fixers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00328740
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen nutrition and the development of biochemical functions associated with nitrogen fixation and ammonia assimilation of nodules on cowpea seedlings (1984)
    Springer
    Planta 162 (1984), S. 327-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Ammonia ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodule ; Senescence (root nodules) ; Ureide ; Vigna
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract During early development (up to 18 d after sowing) of nodules of an “effective” cowpea symbiosis (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp cv. Vita 3: Rhizobium strain CB756), rapidly increasing nitrogenase (EC 1.7.99.2) activity and leghaemoglobin content were accompanied by rapid increases in activities of glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2), glutamate synthase (EC 2.6.1.53), enzymes of denovo purine synthesis (forming inosine monophosphate) xanthine oxidoreductase (EC 1.2.3.2), urate oxidase (EC 1.7.3.3), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.31) and led to increased export of ureides (allantoin and allantoic acid) to the shoot of the host plant in the xylem. Culturing plants with the nodulated root systems maintained in the absence of N2 (in 80 Ar: 20 O2, v/v) had little effect on the rates of induction and increase in nitrogenase activity and leghaemoglobin content but, in the absence of N2 fixation and consequent ammonia production by bacteroids, there was no stimulation of activity of enzymes of ammonia assimilation or of the synthesis of purines or ureides. Addition of NO 3 - (0.1–0.2 mM) relieved host-plant nitrogen deficiency caused by the Ar: O2 treatment but failed to increase levels of enzymes of N metabolism in either the bacteroid or the plant-cell fractions of the nodule. Premature senescence in Ar: O2-grown nodules occurred at 18–20 d after sowing, and resulted in reduced levels of nitrogenase activity and leghaemoglobin but increased the activity of hydroxybutyrate oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.1.30).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00396744
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pathways of assimilation and transfer of fixed nitrogen in coralloid roots of cycad-Nostoc symbioses (1988)
    Springer
    Planta 176 (1988), S. 461-471 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Carbon dioxide fixation ; Citrulline ; Coralloid roots ; Cycads (nitrogen fixation) ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogen transport ; Nostoc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Freshly detached coralloid roots of several cycad species were found to bleed spontaneously from xylem, permitting identification of products of nitrogen transfer from symbiotic organ to host. Structural features relevant to the export of fixed N were described for Macrozamia riedlei (Fisch. ex Gaud.) Gardn. the principal species studied. Citrulline (Cit), glutamine (Gln) and glutamic acid (Glu), the latter usually in a lesser amount, were the principal translocated solutes in Macrozamia (5 spp.), Encephalartos (4 spp.) and Lepidozamia (1 sp.), while Gln and a smaller amount of Glu, but no Cit were present in xylem sap of Bowenia (1 sp.),and Cycas (2 spp.). Time-course studies of 15N enrichment of the different tissue zones and the xylem sap of 15N2-pulse-fed coralloid roots of M. riedlei showed earlier 15N incorporation into Gln than into Cit, and a subsequent net decline in the 15N of Gln of the coralloid-root tissues, whereas Cit labeling continued to increase in inner cortex and stele and in the xylem sap. Hydrolysis of the 15N-labeled Cit and Gln consistently demonstrated much more intense labeling of the respective carbamyl and amide groups than of the other N-atoms. Coralloid roots of M. riedlei pulse-fed 14CO2 in darkness showed 14C labeling of aspartic acid (Asp) and Cit in all tissue zones and of Cit of xylem bleeding sap. Lateral roots and uninfected apogeotropic roots of M. riedlei and M. moorei also incorporated 14CO2 into Cit. The 14C of Cit was restricted to the carbamyl-C. Comparable 15N2 and CO2-feeding studies on corallid roots of Cycas revoluta showed Gln to be the dominant product of N2 fixation, with Asp and alanine as other major 14C-labeled amino compounds, but a total absence of Cit in labeled or unlabeled form.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00397652
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Exploration of the nitrogen transport system of a nodulated legume using 15N (1972)
    Springer
    Planta 104 (1972), S. 35-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Feeding experiments using 15N2 or 15NO3 are described investigating the transport of nitrogen in the field pea (Pisum arvense L.). Nitrogen assimilated by root or nodules moves preferentially upwards to the shoot through the xylem. Parts of the root below or distal to a region of assimilation can benefit from this nitrogen but do so to a much greater extent when the shoot is left attached than when it has been removed. A considerable proportion of the nitrogen received by a shoot from the root or nodules is apparently returned to the root in the translocation stream, this “cycled” nitrogen being especially important in the nutrition of outlying parts of nodulated roots growing in media lacking combined nitrogen. Nitrogen from nitrate fed to a mature leaf is exported in quantity to all parts of the plant except older regions of the shoot. Leaf and stem segments immediately above the fed leaf, and the root and its nodules receive large shares of this nitrogen, although the root's share declines noticeably as the plant ages. The root appears to be extremely inactive in transferring nitrogen from the downward translocation stream across to the stream of nitrogen leaving the root in the xylem. This may act as a major obstacle to the free circulation and mixing of nitrogen within the plant body. A scheme is proposed embracing the main quantitative features of the transport system for nitrogen in the species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00387682
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phloem bleeding from legume fruits—A technique for study of fruit nutrition (1974)
    Springer
    Planta 120 (1974), S. 229-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Bleeding from phloem of cut distal tips of attached fruits was demonstrated in the genera Spartium, Genista, Lupinus and Jacksonia. Bleeding occurred over a 2–25 min period enabling 0.5–10 μl of sap to be collected from a fruit. A detailed study of Lupinus albus L. showed that exudation rate declined exponentially after cutting, but without any change with time in solute levels in exudate. Bleeding resumed at its initial rate and solute concentration on recutting the fruit tip. Phloem exudates had a high pH (7.8-8.0), a sucrose content of 100–210 mg ml-1 but only traces of monosaccharides. Surrounding pod tissues contained only 15–35 mg ml-1 of sugars (tissue water basis) more than two thirds of this monosaccharide. Amino compounds were present in phloem exudates at 8–28 mg ml-1, asparagine and glutamine predominating but a wide spectrum of other amino acids being also present. No significant differences in levels of organic solutes were observed in phloem exudates collected from tips of attached versus detached fruits, from phloem exudates collected from fruit tips versus pedicels, or from basal versus distal ends of a detached fruit. Potassium was the major cation (1.5–2.2 mg ml-1) of the phloem exudate, Ca2+ was at a much lower level than either Mg2+ or Na+. Trace element levels in phloem exudates appeared to be influenced by availability to the plant from the rooting medium. Nitrate was absent though detectable in non-vascular tissues of the shoot. 14C- labelled assimilates were detected in exudates of L. albus one hour after feeding a source leaf 14CO2; sucrose, organic acids and certain amino compounds achieved high specific labelling. 14CO2 feeding studies coupled with the phloem bleeding technique revealed highly specific source-sink relationships between foliar organs and fruits of the primary inflorescence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00390291
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