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15N natural abundance of plant and soil components of a Banksia woodland ecosystem in relation to nitrate utilization, life form, mycorrhizal status and N2-fixing abilities of component species (1993)

PATE, J. S. ; STEWART, G. R. ; UNKOVICH, M.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Plant, cell & environment 16 (1993), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-3040

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: Studies of the variation in δ15N values for plants from a fire-prone Banksia woodland in South West Australia showed that pioneer herbaceous, non-mycorrhizal species which were active in nitrate reduction and storage, had the highest values (1.81%c). A detailed study of one such species Ptilotus polystachus demonstrated a close correspondence between the δ15N values of soil nitrate, xylem nitrate and leaf total nitrogen, suggesting an exclusive reliance on nitrate ions as nitrogen source. These pioneer species also showed a preponderance of the chloroplastic isoform of glutamine synthetase while woody species generally had higher activity associated with the cytosolic isoform. The group comprising monocotyledonous hemicryptophytes and geophytes contained species with slightly positive δ15N values and moderately active in nitrate reduction and storage. Nitrogen-fixing species had the lowest δ15N values (–0.36‰), irrespective of their apparent utilisation of nitrate. However, woody resprouter species which had low levels of nitrate reduction and storage had δ15N values which fell within the range of values obtained for the miscellaneous assemblage of N2-fixing species. Consequently, 15N abundance values failed to distinguish N2 fixing from non-fixing woody species, and therefore, could not be used in the ecosystem to determine the dependence of putative nitrogen fixing species on N2 fixation. The study demonstrated complex patterns of nitrogen utilization in the ecosystem in which exploitation of different nitrogen resources related to plant life form and the physiological attributes of nitrogen assimilation by component species.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1993.tb00882.x

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Root xylem transport of amino acids in the root hemiparasitic shrub Olax phyllanthi (Labill) R.Br. (Olacaceaea) and its multiple hosts (1994)

PATE, J. S. ; WOODALL, G. ; JESCHKE, W. D. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Plant, cell & environment 17 (1994), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-3040

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: The amino acid compositions of the root xylem saps of Olax phyllanthi and a range of its common hosts were examined in native coastal heath in Western Australia and in pot cultures of Olax reliant on single hosts. When hosts specializing in the xylem transport of one major solute (asparagine, glutamine, histidine, arginine or proline) were exploited, the endophytic tissue of haustoria and the xylem sap of Olax showed much lower proportions of this than of other solutes, suggesting pronounced metabolic transformation prior to xylem loading by the parasite. However, the xylem sap of Olax did partly reflect the compositions of its hosts; for example, djenkolic acid and pipecolic acid were present when Olax was parasitic on species of Acacia, and levels of citrulline and aspartic acid were higher than normal when it exploited hosts transporting large amounts of these compounds. Back-flow of S-ethenyl cysteine, a novel amino acid specific to Olax, was observed to another root hemiparasite (Exocarpos sparteus) in native habitat and to certain non-parasitic hosts in water-stressed pot cultures. Haustoria exhibited high levels of glutamine synthetase but showed appreciable in vivo nitrate reductase activity only when on hosts with high xylem levels of nitrate.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1994.tb00528.x

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Characteristics of inorganic nitrogen assimilation of plants in fire-prone Mediterranean-type vegetation (1993)

STEWART, G. R. ; PATE, J. S. ; UNKOVICH, M.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Plant, cell & environment 16 (1993), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-3040

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: A range of approaches was used to investigate how species within a fire-prone Banksia woodland in South West Australia exploited inorganic soil nitrogen sources and how this changes through the development of the fire chronosequence. Nitrate and ammonium were present in soil solution throughout the chronosequence but nitrate predominated in recently burnt sites. Mean shoot nitrate reductase activities were high for all species in recently burnt sites and showed little increase when nitrate was supplied via the transpiration stream. Nitrate reductase of shoots of most species was low at sites not burnt for several years, but following transpirational induction with nitrate, developed activities similar to those at recently burnt sites. The principal amino compounds transported in the xylem were species specific, including asparagine, glutamine and citrulline-dominated species, and changed little in relative composition across the chronosequence. Species most active in leaf nitrate reduction transported the largest amounts of nitrate in their xylem sap and proportional amounts of nitrate in xylem tended to be greatest in recently burnt sites. Most of the species examined appeared to be shoot rather than root nitrate assimilators, but marked differences were recorded in potential of leafy shoots of different species to reduce nitrate. As a general rule, shallow-rooted herbaceous, non-mycorrhizal or VAM-positive species had the highest capacity to reduce nitrate, whereas woody species with ericoid mycorrhizae or combined vesicular arbuscular/ectomycorrhizal associations exhibited little capacity to reduce nitrate in roots or shoots. It seems likely that this latter group utilize ammonium or even organic forms of nitrogen rather than nitrate. Some putative nitrogen-fixing species were active in reducing and transporting nitrate, others were virtually inactive in these respects.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1993.tb00881.x

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Contrasting effects of supplementary feeding of insects or mineral nutrients on the growth and nitrogen and phosphorous economy of pygmy species of Drosera (1992)

Karlsson, P. S. ; Pate, J. S.

Springer

Oecologia 92 (1992), S. 8-13

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ISSN: 1432-1939

Keywords: Carnivorous plants ; Drosera ; Supplementary feeding ; Fertilizing ; Growth

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Summary Growth responses and accumulation of N and P were studied in two pygmy south-west Australian species of Drosera following supplementary feeding of arthropods (collembolans, Hypogastrura vernalis and fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster) and/or a balanced mineral nutrient supplement (N as nitrate) via the roots. One feeding experiment used glasshouse-raised germlings from vegetative propagules (gemmae) of the perennial Drosera closterostigma, the other three (two on D. closterostigma and one on the annual D. glanduligera) involved natural populations engaging in natural captures of indigenous prey. All experiments recorded highly significant increases in plant dry matter, N and P (all plant age groups) and in reproductive performance (adult plants only) from artificial feeding of arthropods, but no apparent benefits from minerals alone or additive effects of minerals above that due to insects. Unresponsiveness to mineral nutrients was suggested to relate to inability of the species to use nitrate, while up to three-fold growth and nutrient uptake response to insects indicated that growth of natural populations might be severely limited by inadequate catches of prey. It is concluded that the highly nutrient-poor conditions typical of the habitat of pygmy species of Drosera may have promoted marked specialization towards carnivory and an attendant decline in ability to utilize soil-derived sources of nutrients.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317256

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The utilization of nitrogen from insect capture by different growth forms of Drosera from Southwest Australia (1991)

Schulze, E. -D. ; Gebauer, G. ; Schulze, W. ; [et al.]

Springer

Oecologia 87 (1991), S. 240-246

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ISSN: 1432-1939

Keywords: Nitrogen isotope ratio ; Nutrition ; Insectivorous plants ; Drosera

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Summary Plants of Drosera species, neighbouring noncarnivorous plants, and arthropods on or near each Drosera sp. were collected at 11 contrasting habitat locations in SW Australia. At three of the sites clones of the rare glandless mutant form of D. erythrorhiza were collected alongside fully glandular counterparts. The δ 15N value (15N/14N natural isotope composition) of insect-free leaf and stem fractions was measured, and the data then used to estimate proportional dependence on insect N (%NdI) for the respective species and growth forms of Drosera. The data indicated lower %NdI values for rosette than for self-supporting erect or for climbing vine species. The latter two groups showed an average %NdI value close to 50%. The %NdI increased with length and biomass of climbing but not erect forms of Drosera. δ 15N values of stems were positively correlated with corresponding values for leaves of Drosera. Leaf material was on average significantly more 15N enriched than stems, possibly due to delayed transport of recent insect-derived N, or to discrimination against 15N in transfer from leaf to the rest of the plant. The comparison of δ 15N values of insects and arthropod prey, glandless and glandular plants of D. erythrorhiza indicated %NdI values of 14.3, 12.2 and 32.2 at the respective sites, while matching comparisons based on δ 15N of insect, reference plants and glandular plants proved less definitive, with only one site recording a positive %NdI (value of 10.4%) despite evidence at all sites of feeding on insects by the glandular plants. The use of the δ 15N technique for studying nutrition of carnivorous species and the ecological significance of insect feeding of different growth forms of Drosera growing in a large range of habitats is discussed.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00325262

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6

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The mycorrhizal association: just one of many nutrient acquiring specializations in natural ecosystems (1994)

Pate, J. S.

Springer

Plant and soil 159 (1994), S. 1-10

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: natural ecosystems ; nutrient acquisition ; roots

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract This paper examines the general biology of mycorrhizal associations alongside the wide range of alternative trophic adaptations which higher plants may employ when competing for limited resources of specific nutrients within an ecosystem. All examples described come from highly nutrient-impoverished heathlands or open woodlands of the kwongan of southwest Australia. An account is given of the general patterns of rooting morphology and their association with various mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal nutrient-acquiring strategies, including various forms of parasitism, epiparasitism, autotrophy with or without mycorrhizal association. Taxonomic affinities of each grouping are examined alongside growth and life form characteristics. A case study of patterns of utilization of a specific nutrient, nitrogen in a Banksia woodland ecosystem is presented to illustrate how a multifaceted approach can be used for studying species responses and interactions. The study categorizes species according to nitrate-utilizing ability and suggests how 15N natural abundance of soil and plant components and organic solutes of nitrogen is xylem might be utilized to separate species into different trophic categories. Response of the ecosystem to fire is examined in respect of the nutritional interrelationships of component species as the ecosystem changes from being nitrate dominant immediately after fire to increasingly ammonium-producing thereafter. The paper concludes by examining generally trophic relationships within whole ecosystems and outlines some of the challenges for future research in this connection.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000090

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7

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Availability of organic and inorganic forms of phosphorus to lupins (Lupinus spp.) (1992)

Adams, M. A. ; Pate, J. S.

Springer

Plant and soil 145 (1992), S. 107-113

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: choline phosphate ; glycero phosphate ; inositol phosphate ; lupins ; phosphatase ; phosphorus availability ; pyro phosphate ; RNA

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Inositol phosphate is at least equal to KH2PO4 as a source of P for the growth of lupins in sand but a much poorer source in soil. RNA and glycerophosphate were excellent sources of P for lupin growth in a P-fixing soil. Soil and root phosphatase activity were not altered by amendment of soils with either inorganic- or organic-P. The difference in availability of differing P-sources is related to their solubility in soils rather than susceptibility to phosphatases.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009546

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8

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Effect of NO3 on N2 fixation and nitrogenous solutes of xylem in two nodulated West African geocarpic legumes, Kersting's bean (Macrotyloma geocarpum L.) and Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L.) (1992)

Dakora, F. D. ; Atkins, C. A. ; Pate, J. S.

Springer

Plant and soil 140 (1992), S. 255-262

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: effect of combined N ; geocarpic legumes ; nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium ; root nodule ; ureide

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Nodulation, nitrogen (N2) fixation and xylem sap composition were examined in sand cultured plants of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L.) and Kersting's bean (Macrotyloma geocarpum L.) inoculated with Bradyrhizobium strain CB756 and supplied via the roots for a 4 week period from the third week onwards with different levels of (15N)-nitrate (0–15 mM). The separate contributions of nitrate and N2 to plant nitrogen were measured by isotope dilution. Increasing levels of nitrate inhibited nodule growth (measured as dry matter or nodule N) of both species parallel with decreased dependence on symbiotically-fixed N. Specific nodule activity (N2 fixed g nodule dry−1 d−1 of nodules) was reduced progressively with time in V. subterranea at higher (5 or 15 mM) levels of NO3, but this was not so for M. geocarpum. Root xylem bleeding sap of both species showed ureides (allantoin and allantoic acid) as predominant (〉90%) solutes of nitrogen when plants were relying solely on atmospheric N. Levels of ureide and glutamine decreased and those of asparagine and nitrate in xylem increased with increasing level of applied nitrate. Relative levels of xylem ureide-N were positively correlated (R2=0.842 for M. geocarpum and 0.556 for V. subterranea), and the ratio of asparagine to glutamine in xylem exudate negatively correlated (R2=0.955 for M. geocarpum and 0.736 for V. subterranea) with plant reliance on nitrogen fixation. The data indicate that xylem sap analyses might be useful for indirect field assays of nitrogen fixation by the species and that Kersting's bean might offer some potential as a symbiosis in which N2 fixation is relatively tolerant of soil N.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010602

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