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  • 1
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    The evolution of the atmosphere of the earth (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Computer simulations of the evolution of the earth's atmospheric composition and surface temperature have been carried out. The program took into account changes in the solar luminosity, variations in the earth's albedo, the greenhouse effect, variation in the biomass, and a variety of geochemical processes. Results indicate that prior to two billion years ago the earth had a partially reduced atmosphere, which included N2, CO2, reduced carbon compounds, some NH3, but no free H2. Surface temperatures were higher than now, due to a large greenhouse effect. When free O2 appeared the temperature fell sharply. Had earth been only slightly further from the sun, runaway glaciation would have occurred at that time. Simulations also indicate that a runaway greenhouse would have occurred early in earth's history had earth been only a few percent closer to the sun. It therefore appears that, taking into account the possibilities of either runaway glaciation or a runaway greenhouse effect, the continuously habitable zone about a solar-type star is rather narrow, extending only from roughly 0.95 to 1.01 AU.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Icarus; 33; Jan. 197
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  • 2
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    Sulfur dioxide and particles in quiescent volcanic plumes from Poas, Arenal, and Colima volcanos, Costa Rica and Mexico (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Measurements of SO2 emission rates and concentrations and of particle distribution, size, shape, and composition were made in quiescent volcanic plumes emitted into the troposphere from Poas and Arenal volcanos, Costa Rica, and Colima volcano, Mexico. SO2 emission rates were 700 + or - 180 metric tons per day (t/d) for Poas, 210 + or - 30 t/d for Arenal, and 320 + or - 50 t/d for Colima. The concentrations of SO2 calculated from the COSPEC/lidar data were 5-380 ppb. Concentrations of SO2 measured directly by flame photometry were 10-250 ppb. Particles collected in the plumes with a quartz crystal microbalance impactor were mostly less than 3 microns in diameter and consisted of droplets of dilute sulfur-bearing solutions and minor amounts of layer silicate particles coated with a sulfur-bearing film or crust. Total particle concentrations were 4.7 micrograms per cu.m for Poas and 18.8 micrograms per cu.m for Colima. Comparison of concentrations of SO2 in the plumes with gas samples collected at fumaroles on the ground suggests that the plumes are diluted by the atmosphere by factors of up to 100,000.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 89; 9633-964
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  • 3
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    Constellation Design of the Mars Network (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: Mars has become the focus of an unprecedented series of missions spanning many years, involving numerous nations and evolving from robotics to humans.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: International Symposium on Space Communication and Navigation Technologies; Pasadena, CA; United States
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  • 4
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    Constellation Design of the Mars Network: A System for Communication and Navigation at Mars (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: Mars has become the focus of an unprecedented series of missions spanning many years, involving numerous nations and evolving from robotics to humans.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: Deep Space Communications and Navigation Systems; Pasadena, CA; United States
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  • 5
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    Analog FM/FM versus digital color TV transmission aboard space station (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Langley Research Center is developing an integrated fault tolerant network to support data, voice, and video communications aboard Space Station. The question of transmitting the video data via dedicated analog channels or converting it to the digital domain for consistancy with the test of the data is addressed. The recommendations in this paper are based on a comparison in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the type of video processing required aboard Space Station, the applicability to Space Station, and how they integrate into the network.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: NASA-TM-87578 , NAS 1.15:87578
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 6
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    An image compression survey and algorithm switching based on scene activity (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Data compression techniques are presented. A description of these techniques is provided along with a performance evaluation. The complexity of the hardware resulting from their implementation is also addressed. The compression effect on channel distortion and the applicability of these algorithms to real-time processing are presented. Also included is a proposed new direction for an adaptive compression technique for real-time processing.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TP-2458 , L-15957 , NAS 1.60:2458
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 7
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    Galactic evolution. I - Single-zone models (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The two basic approaches of physical theory required to calculate the evolution of a galactic system are considered, taking into account stellar evolution theory and the dynamics of a gas-star system. Attention is given to intrinsic (stellar) physics, extrinsic (dynamical) physics, and computations concerning the fractionation of an initial mass of gas into stars. The characteristics of a 'standard' model and its variants are discussed along with the results obtained with the aid of these models.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 201; Nov. 1
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  • 8
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    Linear convective modes and the energy transport in stellar convection zones. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Model stars whose convection zones had been prepared in accordance with the standard mixing-length theory were used as a basis for the computation of unstable convective modes. It was found that no superposition of statistically independent, nonviscous, adiabatic, convective modes can reproduce the radial dependence of the convective flux of the model. This implies that the representation of a stellar convection zone as a superposition of unstable adiabatic linear modes is inconsistent with the mixing-length theory, and that conclusions based upon such a representation should be regarded with caution. It is also shown that if the linear scale of convective motions is greater than (or of the same order as) the pressure scale height, then the fractional deviation of the pressure from equilibrium will generally not be negligible, as assumed in the mixing-length theory, but will be at least of the same order as the fractional deviation of the density from equilibrium.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 184; Sept. 1
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  • 9
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    El Chichon - Composition of plume gases and particles (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Aircraft measurements were made of trace gases, atmospheric particles, and condensed acid volatiles in the plume of El Chichon volcano, Chiapas, Mexico, in November 1982. Hydrogen sulfide was the primary gaseous sulfur species in the plume at the time of collection. Concentrations of 28 elements were determined by neutron activation analysis of particulate material from the plume. The volatile elements sulfur, chlorine, arsenic, selenium, bromine, antimony, iodine, tungsten, and mercury were enriched relative to bulk pyroclastic material by factors of 60 to 20,000. Arsenic, antimony, and selenium were associated predominantly with small (not greater than 3 micrometer) particles. Calcium and sodium were present almost exclusively on larger particles and aluminum and manganese were bimodally distributed. Ashladen particulate material injected into the stratosphere during the early violent eruptions was enriched by factors of 10 to 30 relative to ash in some of the same elements observed in the quiescent plume.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 222; 1018-102
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  • 10
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    Airborne aerosol measurements in the quiescent plume of Mount Saint Helens September, 1980 (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A study of the emissions from the Mt. St. Helens volcano was conducted to obtain data for an assessment of the importance of volcanoes as a global source of volatile trace elements to the atmosphere and to the global biochemical cycles of these elements. Sampling was done on board an Orion P-3 turboprop aircraft modified for tropospheric aerosol and gas sampling. Two filter collection systems were used. Samples were collected on a single flight on September 22, 1980, at which time the volcano was emitting a stable plume to an altitude of between 2 and 3 km. The results regarding the concentrations of aerosols obtained for this mission are presented in a table. Attention is also given to data concerning particulate vs. gas phase sulfur in the Mt. Saint Helens plume, and the estimated volcanic particle flux of selected volatile elements.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 9; Sept
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