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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Determination of rain rate from a spaceborne radar using measurements of total attenuation (1981)
    Washington, DC : National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center
    Associated volumes
    Details Availability
    Call number: MOP 45663 / Mitte
    In: NASA technical memorandum
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 37 S. : graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: NASA technical memorandum 82153
    Location: MOP - must be ordered
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 2
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    The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Progress Report (1999)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Recognizing the importance of rain in the tropics and the accompanying latent heat release, NASA for the U.S. and NASDA for Japan have partnered in the design, construction and flight of an Earth Probe satellite to measure tropical rainfall and calculate the associated heating. Primary mission goals are 1) the understanding of crucial links in climate variability by the hydrological cycle, 2) improvement in the large-scale models of weather and climate 3) Improvement in understanding cloud ensembles and their impacts on larger scale circulations. The linkage with the tropical oceans and landmasses are also emphasized. The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite was launched in November 1997 with fuel enough to obtain a four to five year data set of rainfall over the global tropics from 37'N to 37'S. This paper reports progress from launch date through the spring of 1999. The data system and its products and their access is described, as are the algorithms used to obtain the data. Some exciting early results from TRMM are described. Some important algorithm improvements are shown. These will be used in the first total data reprocessing, scheduled to be complete in early 2000. The reader is given information on how to access and use the data.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Intercomparison of single-frequency methods for retrieving a vertical rain profile from airborne or spaceborne radar data (1994)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: This paper briefly reviews several single-frequency rain profiling methods for an airborne or spaceborne radar. The authors describe the different methods from a unified point of view starting from the basic differential equation. This facilitates the comparisons between the methods and also provides a better understanding of the physical and mathematical basis of the methods. The application of several methods to airborne radar data taken during the Convective and Precipitation/Electrification Experiment is shown. Finally, the authors consider a hybrid method that provides a smooth transition between the Hitschfeld-Bordan method, which performs well at low attenuations, and the surface reference method, for which the relative error decreases with increasing path attenuation.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology (ISSN 0739-0572); 11; 6; p. 1507-1516
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    Estimation of raindrop size distribution parameters from a dual-parameter spaceborne radar measurement (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A method to estimate raindrop size distribution (DSD) parameters from a combined Zm profile and path-integrated attenuation is shown, and a test result of the method using the data from an aircraft experiment is presented. The 'semi' dual-parameter (SDP) measurement is employed to estimate DSD parameters using the data obtained from an aircraft experiment conducted by Communications Research Laboratory, Tokyo, in conjunction with NASA. The validity of estimated DSD parameters is examined using measured Ka-band radar reflectivities. The estimated path-averaged N(0) is consistent with the Ka/X Ze ratio, and the use of estimated DSD shows excellent agreement between the rain rates estimated from the X-band and K-band Zes. The feasibility of estimating DSD parameters from space is confirmed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: In: International Conference on Radar Meteorology, 25th, Paris, France, June 24-28, 1991, Preprints (A93-37626 15-47); p. 384-387.
    Format: text
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  • 5
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    Preliminary results from multiparameter airborne rain radar measurement in the western Pacific (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Preliminary results are presented from multiparameter airborne radar measurements of tropical storms. The experiment was conducted in the western Pacific in September 1990 with the NASA DC-8 aircraft that was equipped with a dual-wavelength radar at X and Ka bands and several microwave radiometers. The modification to dual-polarization at X-band radar enabled measurements of the linear depolarization ratio (LDR). Vertical profiles of dual-polarization and dual-frequency observables for an example of stratiform rain and three examples of convective rain cells are examined. It is shown that at nadir incidence the LDR measurement often can be used to distinguish the phase states of the hydrometeors and to identify the melting layer. In addition to the information concerning particle shape and orientation from LDR, the ratio of the radar reflectivity factors in two frequency bands (X and Ka bands) provides insight into particle size. The capabilities of dual-wavelength and dual-polarization radar in the identification of particle size and phase will be important considerations in the design of future spaceborne weather radars.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0894-8763); 32; 2; p. 431-440.
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 6
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    Radar depolarization signatures of rain in cumulus clouds measured with a dual-frequency air-borne radar (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Experimental data are presented on dual-wavelength scattering characteristics of subtropical rain observed during the convection and precipitation/electrification (CaPE) experiment. Linear depolarization ratios (LDRs) are calculated at both X-band and Ka-band channels. In stratiform rain, the cross-polarized return signal is generally below the noise level except within the melting layer where the maximum LDR at both frequencies is typically between -12 and -10 dB. In convective rain the range profiles of the LDR in X-band and those in Ka-band do not coincide. The X-band LDR values in convective rain typically remain smaller than -25 dB at high altitudes and take somewhat larger values of -25 to -15 dB at low altitudes. The Ka-band LDR values, in contrast, typically increase with radar range, sometimes reaching a level of -3 dB just before the cross-polarized signal falls below the noise level. Such high values of LDR in Ka-band are most likely attributable to multiple scattering effects.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: In: IGARSS '92; Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Houston, TX, May 26-29, 1992. Vol. 2 (A93-47551 20-43); p. 1728-1730.
    Format: text
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  • 7
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    Multi-parameter airborne rain radar experiment in the western Pacific (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The study presents preliminary results from an airborne radar/radiometer experiment (Typhoon Experiment) which was conducted in the western Pacific Ocean during September 1990, with emphasis on the multiparameter radar results. One of the objectives of this experiment is to make radar/radiometer measurements over rain to support the algorithm development and science studies for the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and the spaceborne weather sensors. The extremely high linear depolarization ratio value observed at the melting height is considered to be procured by the melting particle with large eccentricity. It is shown that the multiparameter airborne radar provides valuable information by distinguishing the hydrometeor particles of the rainfall.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: In: International Conference on Radar Meteorology, 25th, Paris, France, June 24-28, 1991, Preprints (A93-37626 15-47); p. 400-403.
    Format: text
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  • 8
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    Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) project. III - Japan-U.S. collaborative rain observation experiment using an airborne rain radar (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A collaborative rain-observation experiment using an airborne rain radar was conducted between Communications Research Laboratory (CRL) and Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)/NASA. CRL provided an airborne rain-radar/radiometer system and GSFC/NASA provided a NASA P3-A aircraft. Airborne or spaceborne rain-radar echoes have large sea or land-surface echoes. These surface echoes yield rain-estimation algorithms using rain attenuation. The experiment demonstrated the potential of the rain-estimation techniques using rain attenuation.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Communications Research Laboratory, Review (ISSN 0914-9279); 36; 11, J; 35-44
    Format: text
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  • 9
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    Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) project. VII - Techniques for radar data processing (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The paper describes algorithms for rain-rate profiling with an airborne or space-borne radar. Some problems involved in the radar measurements from an airborne or space-borne platform are discussed. An outline of a dual-frequency algorithm is described and its performance is confirmed by a computer simulation and an airborne experiment. A single-frequency algorithm is developed by introducing a path-integrated rain rate estimated from an attenuation of surface echoes or from microwave brightness temperature. The computer simulation shows good performance for an airborne or space-borne radar.
    Keywords: COMPUTER PROGRAMMING AND SOFTWARE
    Type: Communications Research Laboratory, Review (ISSN 0914-9279); 36; 11, J; 113-123
    Format: text
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  • 10
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    Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) project. VI - Spacecraft, scientific instruments, and launching rocket. Part 4 - TRMM rain radar (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The basic system parameters for the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) radar system are frequency, beamwidth, scan angle, resolution, number of independent samples, pulse repetition frequency, data rate, and so on. These parameters were chosen to satisfy NASA's mission requirements. Six candidates for the TRMM rain radar were studied. The study considered three major competitive items: (1) a pulse-compression radar vs. a conventional radar; (2) an active-array radar with a solid state power amplifier vs. a passive-array radar with a traveling-wave-tube amplifier; and (3) antenna types (planar-array antenna vs. cylindrical parabolic antenna). Basic system parameters such as radar sensitivities, power consumption, weight, and size of these six types are described. Trade-off studies of these cases show that the non-pulse-compression active-array radar with a planar array is considered to be the most suitable candidate for the TRMM rain radar at 13.8 GHz.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT INSTRUMENTATION
    Type: Communications Research Laboratory, Review (ISSN 0914-9279); 36; 11, J; 93-106
    Format: text
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