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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of trichomes in sunflower tolerance to manganese toxicity (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 91 (1986), S. 171-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Helianthus annuus L. ; Manganese accumulation ; Manganese toxicity ; Solution culture ; Toxicity symptoms ; Trichome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In comparison with other crop species, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) has been found to be very tolerant of high manganese (Mn) concentrations in nutrient solution. Furthermore, sunflower was able to accumulate high Mn concentrations in plant tops without apparent detrimental effect on growth. The first symptom of excess Mn supply (c. 30μM Mn in solution) was the appearance of small, dark-brown to black spots (〈0.5 mm in diameter) on lower stems and on petioles and blades of the lower leaves. The spots were not necrotic and were visibly associated with the trichomes on these plant parts. Electron microprobe techniques demonstrated an accumulation of Mn in and around the trichomes. A compartmentation mechanism is suggested whereby sunflower is able to tolerate high Mn concentrations in its tissues through localization of Mn in a metabolically inactive form. At Mn concentrations approximately 6 times higher than that required to produce the small, dark spots, the upper recently-expanded leaves developed a veinal chlorosis and severe leaf crinkling of the interveinal areas. Dark brown lesions (〉2 mm in size) developed on the lower leaves, especially along the veins. A concentration of 2205 μg Mn g−1 in the tops was associated with a 10% reduction in plant dry matter yield.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181785
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermoplastic matrix controlled-release zinc fertilizers (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 235-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Zinc fertilizer ; controlled-release
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Thermoplastic matrix controlled-release (C.R.) zinc fertilizers are produced by extruding a mixture of zinc salt and inert polymer material. Three methods of laboratory evaluation were used to characterize a range of C.R. zinc formulations differing in concentration and nature of zinc salt, carrier matrix, and size. The methods were (i) electron microscopy, (ii) zinc emission into water, and (iii) zinc diffusion in indicator-agar. These methods complemented each other, with electron microscopy elucidating physical features governing zinc release from the fertilizer pellets. Finely divided particles of soluble zinc salt, for instance, were associated with formulations whose release characteristics approached theoretical (time)0.5 -order release kinetics. Apart from zinc particle size, other factors controlling zinc emission characteristics were the type of zinc salt, the zinc loading, and pellet size. Varying the polymer matrix materials had little or no effect on zinc release from the C.R. zinc formulations compared in this study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049580
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermoplastic matrix controlled-release zinc fertilizers (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 251-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Zinc ; controlled-release ; diffusion ; pH ; temperature ; phosphate ; clay ; sand ; moisture content
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The emission and movement of zinc from planar arrangements of controlled-release (C.R.) thermoplastic matrix zinc fertilizer formulations was studied in cylindrical diffusion cells packed with a clay or a sand. The influences of a number of soil characteristics known to affect zinc diffusion were also investigated. Zinc emission was initially (over 2 days) very rapid. The rate declined markedly thereafter. Morphologically distinct C.R. zinc formulations released zinc at different rates. Zinc moved appreciably and consistently further in the sand than in the clay. Of the soil characteristics studied, increasing phosphate levels had no effect upon zinc emission or mobility in either soil. Increasing pH in the sand did not affect zinc emission, but decreased zinc mobility. Conversely, in the two soils, increasing temperature stimulated zinc emission, but had little influence on zinc mobility. At higher water contents, zinc release was increased in both soils. However, zinc movement was only increased in the sand.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049581
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of aluminium on tap-root elongation of soybean (Glycine max), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and green gram (Vigna radiata) grown in the presence of organic acids (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 124 (1990), S. 233-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium toxicity ; cowpea ; fulvic acid ; Glycine max (L.) Merr ; green gram ; malic acid ; momomeric aluminium ; oxalic acid ; soybean ; tap-root elongation ; Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek ; Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The role of fulvic, malic, and oxalic acids in alleviating the toxic effects of aluminium (Al) on tap-root elongation of soybean cv. Fitzroy, cowpea cv. Vita 4, and green gram cv. Berken was studied. Treatments consisted of a factorial combination of four Al concentrations (0, 12.5, 25 and 50 µM as Al(NO3)3·9H2O) and two concentrations either of malic or oxalic acid (0, 50 µM) or fulvic acid (0, 65 mg L-1 of organic carbon). The free monomeric Al in solution was determined using a pyrocatechol violet procedure which distinguishes between monomeric and organically complexed Al. Fulvic acid completely alleviated the toxic effect of Al at all concentrations on soybean and cowpea and at concentrations 〈25 µM on green gram. The non-toxic Al-fulvate complex remained in solution. Both malic and oxalic acid, at the concentrations tested, failed to alleviate Al toxicity on any species; a much higher proportion of the added Al remained in monomeric form in the presence of these acids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009265
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors affecting aluminium sorption by calcium pectate (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 149 (1993), S. 87-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; calcium ; calcium pectate ; polygalacturonic acid ; solution pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Extracellular processes, particularly the adsorption of aluminium (Al) by pectate in the cell wall, have been proposed as important in the expression of Al toxicity to plant roots. In vitro studies were conducted on the effects of Al concentration (generally ≤ 32 μM), calcium (Ca) concentration (0.05 to 10 mM) and pH (3.2 to 5.4) on Al sorption by Ca pectate. There was a rapid reaction between Al and Ca pectate, there being no difference in Al remaining in solution after reaction times of 1 to 16 min, and only a slight decrease after 24 h. Increased Al concentration in solution increased linearly the sorption of Al by Ca pectate, with 70 to 84% of the Al originally in solution sorbed with ≤32 μM Al. In contrast, Al sorption decreased with increased Ca concentration in solution, and as pH decreased from 5.4 to 3.2. Only ≤30% of the sorbed Al was desorbed after 1 h by 1 mM CaCl2, 10 mM CaCl2 or 1 mM HCl. The amount of Al desorbed increased with a desorption period of 5 h, particularly with 1 mM HCl. These studies suggest that Al sorbed by Ca pectate in root cell walls is in equilibrium with Al in solution, and that Al toxicity is associated with the strong binding between Al and Ca pectate external to the cytoplasm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010765
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chromatographic techniques for the separation of Al and associated organic ligands present in soil solution (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 171 (1995), S. 29-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; chromatography ; dissolved organic carbon ; organic acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Organic acids including humic, fulvic, aliphatic and aromatic acids comprise part of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) present in soil solution. They act as ligands for trace metals and are effective detoxifiers of monomeric aluminium (Al). Solid phase extraction (SPE) techniques permit fractionation of the DOC into organic classes but yield no information on the pre-existing Al/organic acid complexes. Aliphatic and aromatic acids may be separated and determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC); however, the conditions used dissociate the organic acid Al complexes. Humic and fulvic acids are of a variable and ill-defined nature and only limited information exists regarding their binding of Al. This paper reports on fractionation studies of soil solutions, using both SPE and molecular weight cut-off filters, to characterise the DOC components and on the subsequent development of a size exclusion chromatography (SEC) system for the separation of organically complexed Al into different species using a low ionic strength mobile phase at pH 4.2. Model complexes of Al and Cu citrate were used to evaluate chromatographic performance of a Fractogel TSK HW-40(S) column (1×30 cm). For soil solution samples, the column eluate, after passing through a UV detector, was directly coupled to an Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer (ICPAES) for on-line multi-element detection to characterise DOC and trace metal distribution. Fractionation studies revealed that polysaccharides constituted the major proportion of the DOC which passed the 10000 dalton molecular weight cut-off filter. Analysis of soil solutions from an organically amended soil by the SEC-ICPAES system showed that Al, Fe and Mn eluted as multiple peaks prior to the bed volume, indicating their presence as complexes with organic ligands.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009560
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of low boron concentrations in nutrient solution (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 180 (1996), S. 97-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: boron ; ICPAES ; nutrient solution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To study boron (B) deficiency and toxicity in plants in flowing solution culture, it is necessary to establish a wide range of solution B concentrations. The ability of inductively coupled plasma atomic emisson spectrophotometry (ICPAES) to determine solution B concentrations ranging from 0.15 μM to 925 μM was investigated. The reliablity of B concentration determination in nutrient solutions containing 〈10 μM B is poor. A technique, involving sorption by a B-specific resin (Amberlite-743), was established to concentrate the B present in low B nutrient solutions and to enable reliable measurement using ICPAES following elution from the resin. Acceptable, reproducible recoveries of B from low B solutions, containing known concentrations of B, were obtained using this technique. The technique enables the imposition, monitoring and maintenance of solution B concentrations well below the direct detection limits of ICPAES and colorimetric procedures. ei]L V Kochian
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015415
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The significance of solution flow rate in flowing culture experiments (1974)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 41 (1974), S. 161-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Solution flow rate is an important factor to be considered when designing or operating flowing culture equipment. A theoretical model is developed showing that the actual flow rate required for a particular experiment will depend upon many factors, important among which are the nature and concentration of the ion under consideration, the quantity of roots per pot, and the efficiency of these roots in absorbing the test ion under the conditions of the experiment. The results of experiments conducted at low concentrations of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen clearly demonstrate that flow rates of the order of 1 litre per pot per minute or greater may be required to prevent excessive depletion of the nutrient solution. At lower flow rates, solution depletion resulted in substantial reductions in growth and nitrogen uptake. Quantities of nutrient solution required for experiments at very high flow rates can be reduced to practical levels by the use of recirculating flowing culture systems, even in installations containing large numbers of pots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00017952
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of the flowing soulution culture techniques to studies involving mycorrhizas (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 59 (1981), S. 179-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cassava ; Flowing solution culture ; Mycorrhiza ; Phosphorus nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A technique to study mycorrhizal effects on growth and P-uptake of cassava (Manihot escultenta, Crantz) grown in flowing solution culture is described. Phosphorus concentrations were carefully maintained constant at 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 μM by daily analyses and adjustment of the nutrient solutions. Inoculation with mycorrhizal roots hada positiveeffect on P content of plant tissue and/or plant growth only at the two lowest P-concentrations in soulution. These concentrations are two to three orders of magnitude lower than those normally used in conventional nutrient solution cultures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02183607
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrogen and aluminium tolerance (1987)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 99 (1987), S. 31-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aluminium ; Hydrogen ; Soil acidity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Reduced productivity due to soil acidity has been demonstrated with subterranean clover and wheat in many parts of Australia. Nodulation in clover appears to be more sensitive to low pH than growth of the host plant in the presence of adequate mineral nitrogen. Low pH is associated with aluminium toxicity in a number of species and nodulation in clover is more sensitive than growth of the host plant to Al. Decrease in soil pH is associated with significant increases in exchangeable Al. The breeding of Al tolerant wheats in Australia involves a backcross programme utilizing the transfer of tolerance from the Brazilian cultivar Carazinho.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370151
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