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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 26 (1975), S. 611-617 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Oxidation von Nickel-und Kobalt-Basislegierungen in Gegenwart von kondensiertem NatriumsulfatDas Korrosionsverhalten bei hohen Temperaturen wurde an einigen Superlegierungen auf Basis von Nickel und Kobalt untersucht, die der Einwirkung eines heißen oxidierenden Mediums ausgesetzt wurden, das mit Natriumsulfatdämpfen übersättigt war. Diese Art der Versuchsführung erscheint repräsentativer für das Verhalten unter Praxisbedingungen als andere Laboratoriumsversuche.Reines Kobalt wird durch die Anwesenheit von kondensiertem Natriumsulfat nicht geschädigt, während die CoW-Legierungen (mit unterschiedlichen Chromgehalten) eine als„acidic fluxing“ bezeichnete Korrosion erleiden. Die kontinuierliche Zufuhr von Natriumsulfat - im Gegensatz zur geringen Menge, die im Falle der auf das Metall aufgetragenen Salzschicht verfügbar ist - führt zu einer Veränderung des Verhaltens vor allem der Legierungen mit erhöhtem Chromgehalt, denn die Cr2O3-Schutzschichten werden durch Reaktionen mit dem Natriumsulfat zerstört. Co25Cr7,5W z. B. ist normalerweise vollkommen beständig, wird jedoch unter den hier verwendeten Bedingungen angegriffen, und das gleiche gilt für die binäre Legierung Co25Cr, die beträchtliche Mengen Schwefel aufnimmt. Zusatz von Aluminium und Mangan scheint dieser Reaktion über eine Stabilisierung der Oxidschicht entgegenzuwirken; dabei ist zu berücksichtigen, daß die Affinität dieser Zusätze zum Schwefel größer ist als die des Chroms.Die binäre Legierung Ni20Cr ist weniger anfällig für beschleunigten Angriff als die Legierung Co25Cr, wahrscheinlich wegen der höheren Stabilität der Oxidschicht. Zusatz von 3 Vol.-% Y2O3 verhindert den Angriff durch Natriumsulfat vollständig, da das Eindringen des Schwefels in die Legierung dann blockiert wird; außerdem wird durch diesen Zusatz die Bildung der Cr2O3-Schutzschicht erleichtert.Unter nicht oxidierenden Bedingungen werden alle hier untersuchten Legierungen ohne Beschleunigung oxidiert; diese Tatsache unterstützt die Ansicht, daß die Kondensation von Natriumsulfat eine Voraussetzung für die Hochtemperaturkorrosion ist.
    Notes: The hot corrosion behaviour of a number of nickel and cobalt-based superalloys has been examined by exposing samples to a high temperature oxidizing environment supersaturated with sodium sulphate vapour. This test seems more able to reproduce typical service behaviour than other laboratory tests.Pure cobalt is unaffected by the presence of the condensed sulphate, whereas CoW and low-chromium, CoCrW alloys undergo acidic fluxing. However, the major change produced by the continuous supply of Na2SO4, as opposed to the limited amount of salt available in the coating test is in the behaviour of the high chromium alloys, when the protective Cr2O3 layers are removed due to the formation of a Na2CrO4 species. Thus, the normally resistant Co25Cr7.5W alloy suffers acidic fluxing. Similarly, the Cr2O3 layer on the binary Co25Cr alloys is rendered ineffective; considerable ingress of sulphur into the alloy occurs. Aluminium and manganese additions seem to reduce this effect slightly by stabilising the protective oxide layer. Both these alloying additions have a higher affinity for sulphur than chromium, and this could be important.Binary Ni20Cr seems less susceptible to accelerated attack than the Co25Cr alloys, presumably due to its greater ability to maintain a protective Cr2O3 layer. However, addition of 3 vol.-% Y2O3 virtually prevents any attack by the Na2SO4, preventing sulphur penetration into the alloy and promoting the formation of a protective Cr2O3 layer.Under non-condensing conditions, all of the alloys tested oxidize in an unaccelerated manner, supporting the view that condensation of sodium sulphate is necessary for hot corrosion.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 42 (1991), S. 2045-2052 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: XPS, SEM, SSIMS, FTIR-ATR, water-in-air, and air-in-water contact angle measurements have been used to unambiguously characterize the locus of failure of PP/epoxy joints. In the case of untreated PP, the fracture has been found adhesive, whereas in oxygen plasmatreated PP, it is cohesive, within bulk PP, but close to the modified PP-bulk PP interface. The smoothness of fracture surfaces allowed us to exclude mechanical interlocking effects. Shear-strength measurements showed that the mechanical strength of the joint was improved by plasma treatment. Preliminary thermal equilibration of the plasma-treated PP sample and changes in the curing cycle of the epoxy resin did not change either the locus of failure or the shear strength of the joint. The reason is probably because the number of polar functions left at the surface after thermal equilibration is sufficient to induce adhesion. The mechanical strength of the PP surface layer may be the determining factor. Fracture energy calculations showed that the observed locus of failure is the same as predicted on the basis of surface energy considerations.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 17 (1991), S. 847-854 
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A study has been undertaken in which both x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fast atom bombardment static secondary ion mass spectrometry (FAB-SSIMS) have been used to study the effects of remote nitrogen plasma treatment on polymers such as linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), poly(ethylene vinyl alcohol) (EVOH) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). For comparison, remote oxygen plasma treatment was also performed on LLDPE. A very rapid uptake of nitrogen was observed for all polymers. Negative FAB-SSIMS indicated CN-, CNO- and C2N3- fragments on each of the nitrogen plasma-treated polmers. Positive FAB-SSIMS spectra of plasma-treated LLDPE showed relatively high intensity, high mass fragments, thought to originate from additives. These were not observed for the other two polymers. Significant amounts of aromatic-type fragments were observed in the positive FAB-SSIMS spectra of all treated polymers. Surface stability studies have shown that for both nitrogen and oxygen plasma-treaed LLDPE there is a substantial decrease in the surface functionality on exposure to air. This effect was much less prevalent for EVOH and PET.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: ac-Phosphoric acid anodizing of aluminium results in the initial formation of a featureless barrier film on the metal surface, followed by nucleation and growth of a filament structure. The rate of filament growth and filament diameter are dependent upon the anodizing temperature. Static secondary ion mass spectrometry (SSIMS) and XPS indicate that organic contamination levels on all anodized surfaces are low regardless of anodizing temperature and that contaminant levels tend to decrease as anodizing proceeds. Apart from the very intense Al+ in the positive ion spectra and the O- and OH- peaks in the negative ion spectra, SSIMS spectra were characterized by the appearance of a series of peaks from AlxOyHz fragments. Appearance of AlO+ or AlOH+ clusters in the positive ion spectra depended on the anodizing conditions. Both XPS and SSIMS confirm the presence of phosphates on the anodized surfaces but differences in results from the two types of analyses imply that unknown factors affect the concentration present.Low contaminant levels, corrosion inhibition from surface phosphates and the filamented topography developed will all affect the adhesive properties of the surface.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 15 (1977), S. 2201-2211 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The supramolecular organization of the aromatic polyamide fiber Kevlar 49 has been studied using a combination of electron diffraction and electron microscope dark-field image techniques. The dark-field images derived using selected reflections from longitudinal sections exhibit axial banding of two main types having periodicities of 500 and 250 nm. Careful analysis, including tilting experiments, conclusively shows that the supramolecular architecture of these fibers consists of a system of sheets regularly pleated along their long axes and arranged radially.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 14 (1976), S. 701-711 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The G values of poly(methyl methacrylates) (PMMA), polycarbonates, and a polylactone for γ-radiation were determined by using a computer-assisted GPC as the primary tool for the measurement of the number-average molecular weights M̄n. The accuracy and precision of the automated GPC were found to have a normalized standard deviation (σ/M̄n) of less than 7%. The G value of PMMA was determined to be essentially independent of molecular weight. For low molecular weight polymers, some nonlinearity in the I/M̄n versus dosage plot was observed at low dosage, i.e., about 1 Mrad.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 21 (1983), S. 449-457 
    ISSN: 0360-6384
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 20 (1982), S. 1677-1685 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Crystal length determinations have been undertaken on ultrahigh-modulus linear polyethylene fibers by dark-field electron microscopy. There is good agreement between the results and those obtained from wide-angle x-ray diffraction line broadening. The crystal length distributions from the dark-field microscopy are also consistent with those determined by nitric acid etching. The significance of the present results is considered in the light of recent proposals for the structure of these materials and the achievement of high modulus.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 16 (1978), S. 169-177 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A series of methyl methacrylate (MMA)-methacrylic acid (MAA) copolymers containing up to 50% methacrylic acid and the respective homopolymers were reproducibly pyrolyzed at 900°C and the fragments identified by gas chromatography (GC) or GC-mass spectroscopy. It was shown that PMMA and the MMA portions of blocky or random copolymers yielded 99% MMA, while a large portion (50-60%) of the MAA broke down to give a wide variety of hydrocarbons via decarboxylation and/or anhydride formation. Both unsaturated aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, as well as the minor products of the MMA decomposition, support free-radical processes for these decompositions. It was also shown that the copolymers readily complex oxygenated solvents (which did not affect decomposition) and metal ions (which markedly affected the products).
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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