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  • Articles  (17)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (17)
  • Physics
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (17)
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  • Articles  (17)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The pyrolysis of acrylic fiber in inert atmosphere. I. Reactions up to 400°C (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2073-2084 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The pyrolysis of acrylic fiber up to 400°C in an inert atmosphere at 1° and 6°C/min was studied by means of thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis. The exothermic reaction occuring at 180-300°C was shown to be due to the reaction of nitrile groups by comparing the extent of exotherm with the number of nitrile groups present, determined by infrared spectroscopy. In addition, results of single-fiber tensile measurements, density, and elemental analysis of the pyrolyzed fibers are interpreted in terms of possible molecular structures. The gases evolved on pyrolysis were analyzed for both ammonia and hydrogen cyanide and the liberation of ammonia was attributed to a termination reaction of the polymerization of nitrile groups. The critical conditions necessary for the production of high strength and modulus carbon fiber are discussed briefly in ralation to the chemical changes occurring on pyrolysis.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1969.070131005
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on polymer ignition and development of a relative hazard ranking method (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 45-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The argument is presented that a primary determinant for polymer ignition is the rate of heat input during thermal decomposition. An experimental protocol is described in which a conventional thermogravimetric analyzer is used to monitor the behavior of polymeric solids brought to ignition by exposure to preheated air. The data obtained are used to establish the minimum heating rate required for ignition and the initial decomposition temperature at that critical rate. These two properties are then combined to give a numerical ranking value which seems to be a reasonable indicator of a material's ignitability hazard potential. Data for a variety of polymers and mixed systems are presented.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280105
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphology of water-blown flexible polyurethane foams (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 35 (1988), S. 601-629 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A series of four TDI-polypropylene oxide (PO) water-blown flexible polyurethane foams was produced in which the water content was varied from 2 to 5 pph at a constant isocyanate index of 110. A portion of each foam was thermally compression molded into a plaque. The morphology of both the foams and plaques was investigated using dynamic mechanical spectroscopy (DMS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), swelling, wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). A high degree of microphase separation occurs in these foams, and its degree is nearly independent of water (hard segment) content. In the foam with the lowest water content the morphology possesses many similarities to that of typical linear segmented urethane elastomers. Small hard segment domains are present with a correlation distance of about 7.0 nm. When the water content is increased a binodal distribution of hard segment material appears. There are the small hard segment domains typical of segmented urethane elastomers as well as larger “hard aggregates” greater than 100 nm in size. The larger domains are thought to be aggregates of rich polyurea that develop by precipitation during the foaming reaction. WAXS patterns of the foams suggest urea and possibly hard segment ordering that may be of a paracrystalline nature but certainly lacking in true 3-dimensional crystallinity.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1988.070350305
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radiation crosslinking of rubber. IV. Ultraviolet and infrared absorption spectra (1959)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2 (1959), S. 340-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: When purified rubber is exposed in vacuo to high energy radiation, very few conjugated triene groups are formed relative to the number of molecules of hydrogen evolved. This indicates that less than 4% of the hydrogen is evolved from adjacent carbon atoms in the same molecule, a reaction which would have no immediate crosslinking potential. Rather more conjugated diene groups have been detected, but when these are compared together with triene groups relative to the yield of chemical crosslinks it can be calculated that less than 10% of the allylic radical precursors disproportionate. Infrared absorption spectra do not indicate the marked decrease in unsaturation reported by some previous workers. Slight changes in the infared spectra may indicate some cis-trans isomerization. There is qualitative evidence for a small increase in vinylidene unsaturation.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1959.070020615
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The distribution of polymethyl methacrylate formed in natural rubber latex: An electron microscopical study (1960)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 3 (1960), S. 366-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1960.070030916
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Viscoelastic behavior of flexible slabstock polyurethane foam as a function of temperature and relative humidity. II. Compressive creep behavior (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 52 (1994), S. 569-576 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The compression creep behavior was monitored at constant temperature and/or relative humidity for two slabstock foams with different hard-segment content. The tests were performed by applying a constant load (free falling weight) and then monitoring the strain as a function of time over a 3-h time period. A near linear relationship is obtained for linear strain versus log time after a short induction period for both foams and at most conditions studied (except at temperatures near and above 125°C). The slope of this relationship or the initial creep rate is dependent on the initial strain level, espcially in the range of 10-60% deformation. This dependence is believed to be related to the cellular structs buckling within this range of strain. At deformations greater than 60% and less than 10%, the solid portion of the foam is thought to control the compressive creep behavior in contrast to the cellular texture. Increasing relative humidity does cause a greater amount of creep to occur and is believed to be a result of water acting as a plasticizer. For low humidities increasing the temperature from 30 to 85°C, a decrease in the rate of creep is observed at a 65% initial deformation. At 125°C, an increase in the creep rate is seen and is believed to be related to chemical as well as additional structural changes taking place in the solid portion of the foams. The creep rate is higher for the higher hard-segment foam (34 wt %) than that of the lower (21 wt %) at all of the conditions studied and for the same initial deformation level. This difference is principally attributed to the greater amount of hydrogen bonds available for disruption in the higher hard-segment foam. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1994.070520412
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of flexible slabstock foams containing lithium chloride (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 52 (1994), S. 1459-1476 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Characterization of a series of flexible polyurethane foams that contain LiCl in their formulation is discussed. These foams were developed in order to provide an alternative method to produce foams without physical blowing agents and still attempt to maintain specific important physical properties. Three high water content foams of varying LiCl content have been characterized by utilizing several morphological techniques as well as by their viscoelastic behavior. From a morphological standpoint, it appears that by adding LiCl to the formulation, there is less formation of urea-rich aggregates that occur when LiCl is absent. Also, the hard segments are more dispersed as single units within the network. The cellular texture of the LiCl-containing foams also shows a greater amount of cellular window material than the same foam without LiCl. Both of these changes due to LiCl addition are believed to bring about a significant increase in the amount of viscoelastic decay. This decay has been observed in tensile stress relaxation, compression load relaxation, and compressive creep studies. Temperature also has a more significant effect on the compression load relaxation behavior of foams with LiCl in their formulation than when absent. These differences in viscoelastic behavior between foams with and without LiCl in their formulation are attributed to the greater mobility of the hard segments in the presence of the LiCl additive serving as a localized “hard segment” plasticizer that also promotes more phase mixing in the foams. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1994.070521011
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Segmental orientation behavior of flexible water-blown polyurethane foams (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 43 (1991), S. 801-815 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The ambient temperature structure-property orientation behavior in two different polyureaurethane polymers (one cross-linked and one linear) was measured by using infrared dichroism along with mechanical response. Thin films (plaques) thermally compression-molded from TDI-polypropylene (PO) flexible water-blown polyurea-urethane foams and solution-cast TDI-PO polyurea-urethane elastomers were studied. Segmental orientation was measured as a function of elongation and relaxation, as well as of hysteresis behavior. The level of strain was 50-70% for the plaques and up to 240% for the elastomer. The soft segments for both materials exhibited a low state of orientation with elongation. Small changes in orientation with time and upon cyclic straining were also observed for the soft segments. Significant transverse orientation upon stretching was observed in the hard segments of the plaques and up to elongations of 100% for the elastomer. The transverse behavior of the hard segments in the plaques pressed from the foams was attributed to both the smaller hard domains as well as to the polyurea aggregates that have been reported to be present in flexible foams. This transverse behavior also suggested that the smaller hard domains and the polyurea aggregates possess a lamellarlike structure. At low strain levels (up to 50%), only small amounts of orientation hysteresis as well as mechanical hysteresis were observed for the hard segments of the plaques as well as for the elastomer. No significant relaxation in orientation was detected for the hard segments of both materials at a 30% strain level.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1991.070430419
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    N-methylation of wholly aromatic polyamides for size-exclusion chromatography (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 45 (1992), S. 1983-1994 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Wholly aromatic polyamides, including poly(1,4-phenyleneisophthalamide) and poly(1,4-phenyleneterephthalamide) are N-methylated to render them soluble in N,N-dimethylformamide, a common size-exclusion chromatography eluent. The procedure N-methylates 50-55% of the total amide linkages in these two examples, permitting reproducible measurement of their absolute molecular weight distributions using differential viscometry detection. There is no observable degradation in molecular weight resulting from the N-methylation, provided the excess methylating reagent is destroyed shortly after completion of the derivatization by quenching with potassium acetate. The validity of the molecular weight data obtained by the method is confirmed by light-scattering measurements on derivatized polymer and by comparison to the molecular weight of underivatized polymer that can be approximated from the intrinsic viscosity in concentrated sulfuric acid. The method is applicable to a variety of wholly aromatic polyamide structures. Examples are given.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1992.070451113
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Viscoelastic behavior of flexible slabstock polyurethane foams: Dependence on temperature and relative humidity. I. Tensile and compression stress (load) relaxation (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 52 (1994), S. 549-568 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The relaxation behavior of the load in compression and the stress in tension was monitored at constant temperature and/or relatively humidity for a set of four slabstock foams with varying hard-segment content as well as two of the compression molded plaques of these foams. The majority of the compression relaxation tests were done at a 65% strain level in order to be consistent with the common ILD test. The tensile stress relaxation tests were performed at a 25% strain level. Over the 3-h testing period, a linear relationship between the log of compressive load or the log of tensile stress versus log time is observed for most testing conditions. For linear behavior, the values of the slope or the load/stress decay rate are comparable in both the tension and compression modes with the values being slightly higher in magnitude for the compression mode. These rates of decay are in the range of -2.2 × 10 -2 to -1.7 × 10 -2 for a 21 wt % hard-segment foam and -3.2 × 10-2 to -2.4 × 10-2 for a 34 wt % hard-segment foam. Increasing %RH at a given temperature does bring about a steady decrease in the initial load or initial stress as well as a slight increase in the rate of relaxation. The effect of temperature on the relaxation behavior is most significant at temperatures near 125°C and above. The FTIR thermal analysis of the plaques indicates that this significant increase is due to additional hydrogen bond disruption and possible chain scission taking place in the urea and urethane linkages that are principally present in the hard segment regions. The relaxation behavior in both tension and compression is believed to be mostly independent of the cellular texture of the foam at the strain levels given above. This conclusion is based on the similar relaxation behavior between the plaques and the foams. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 25 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1994.070520411
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