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  • Articles  (121)
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  • resistance  (71)
  • Oryza sativa  (50)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (121)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: ascochyta ; cold ; drought ; lentil ; Lens ; resistance ; rust ; tolerance ; wilt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance. The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: anaerobic soil ; flooded soils ; intensive cropping ; long term experiments ; lowland rice ; nitrogen mineralization ; nitrogen uptake ; on-farm research ; organic carbon ; organic matter ; Oryza sativa ; plant nitrogen ; soil nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soil organic matter (SOM) has been proposed as an index of N supply in paddy soils although field validations are few. We evaluated the relationship between the indigenous N supply (N i ) of the soil-floodwater system and soil organic carbon (SOC) or total N (N t ) in surface soil of long-term fertility experiments (LTFEs) at 11 sites, in 42 farmer's fiels with similar soil type, and in the same field in ten consecutive rice (Oryza sativa L.) crops. The N i was estimated by crop N uptake from plots without applied N (N o plots) under otherwise favorable growth conditions. There was a tight linear correlation between yields and N uptake in N o plots and tremendous variation in both parameters among LTFE sites, farmer's fields, and in the same field over time. Correlation between N i and SOC or N t explained little of this variation. Factors likely to contribute to the poor correlation were: (1) inputs of N from sources other than N mineralization of SOM in surface soil, (2) degree of congruence between soil N supply and crop demand, which is sensitive to soil drying, length of fallow, crop rotation, and residue management, and (3) differences in SOM quality related to intensive cropping in submerged soil. Better understanding of the processes governing the N i of tropical lowland rice systems would contribute to the development of crop management practices that optimize utilization of indigenous N resources.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: antibiois ; Mayetiola destructor ; resistance ; Triticum turgidum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), is the major pest of wheat in North Africa. In Morocco, durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf). Husn.) losses due to this pest have been estimated at 32%. Genetic resistance is the only economical and practical means of controlling this insect. Field and greenhouse screening of durum wheat genotypes resulted in the identification of one source of resistance to Hessian fly in Morocco. This is the first source of durum wheat Hessian fly-resistance identified in Morocco. This source of resistance expresses a medium level of antibiosis against first-instar Hessian fly larvae; about 25% of the larvae survive on resistant plants. The deployment of varieties that allow for larval survival on resistant plants should reduce selection for biotype development. This source of resistance is being used by CIMMYT/ICARDA and Moroccan breeders to develop resistant durum wheat varieties.
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  • 4
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 15 (1994), S. 125-128 
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: rice ; Oryza sativa ; phloem sap ; polyamine ; abscisic acid ; auxin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Putrescine, spermidine, spermine and cadaverine have been identified and quantified in rice phloem sap and shoot extracts by HPLC. It is suggested that diamines, putrescine and cadaverine, easily migrate into the phloem, while movement of a triamine, spermidine, and a tetramine, spermine, tend to be restricted. Spermine especially seems to be the most immobile among polyamines. Thus it is indicated that movement of polyamines into phloem is decreased with increasing number of amino groups. Indole-3-acetic acid and abscisic acid in rice phloem sap were also analyzed by HPLC and it is suggested that indole-3-acetic acid is transported freely into phloem, while abscisic acid is much more actively exuded into phloem.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: resistance ; potato breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Über Unterschiede in der Vermehrung des Kartoffelzystennematoden auf anfälligen Kartoffelsorten wurde schon früher kurz berichtet. Versuche, die im Scottish Crop Research Institute durchgeführt wurden und Ergebnisse aus Prüfungen von Zuchtmaterial haben ergeben dass im Hinblick auf die Resistenz gegen den Kartoffelzystennematoden phänotypische und genotypische Unterschiede zwischen den Klonen bestehen. Hier wird über Untersuchungen repräsentativer Sorten derSolanum tuberosum ssp.tuberosum Gruppe in bezug auf Variationen ihrer Anfälligkeit gegenGlobodera pallida berichtet. Tabelle 1 zeigt eine Reihe von allgemein als anfällig geltenden Kartoffelsorten, die mitG. pallida (Pa 2/3) geprüft wurden. Es wird über fünf Versuche berichtet; in den ersten drei (1A, 1B und 1C) wird die Resistenz von Klonen die aus Knollen aufgewachsen waren, erfasst und in den anderen zwei Versuchen (2A und 2B) die Resistenz von Sämlingen die aus Kreuzungen mit anfälligen Sorten stammen. Im versuch 1A (1978) wurden Augenstecklinge von 9 Sorten in 8 Wiederholungen im Gewächshaus ausgepflanzt. Der Kompost John Innes Nr. 2 wurde mit 40 Eiern/g vonG. pallida (Pa 2/3) inokuliert. Nach 11 Wochen wurden die Zysten ausgezählt und als Prozent der Zysten auf Pentland Crown (% Anfälligkeit) ausgedrückt (siehe Tabelle 1, erste Reihe und statistische Verrechnung in Tabelle 2a) Im Versuch 1B (1982) wurden 25 Sorten in fünf Wiederholungen in geschlossenen Behältern mit 4 verschiedenen Inokulumdichten geprüft: 1500, 2000, 2500 und 3000 Eier Behälter. Sieben Wochen später wurden die Zysten gezählt und als % Anfälligkeit, basierend auf den durchschnittlichen Zystenzahlen der 4 Inokulumdichten (Tab. 1, statistische Verrechnung in Tabelle 2b) ausgedrückt. Im Versuch 1 C (1983) wurden 22 Sorten bei einer Inokulumdichte von 3500 Eiern/Behälter geprüft. Die Ergebnisse zeigt Tabelle 1 und die Statistik Tabelle 2c. In Tabelle 1 sind die Sorten in absteigender Reihenfolge angegeben, beginnend mit P. Javelin, die die höchste Zystenzahl aufwies. Fünf der in Tabelle 1 angegebenen 36 Sorten wurden in allen drei Prüfungen verwendet: P. Javelin, Désirée, M. Piper, Croft und P. Crown. Tabelle 3 zeigt die Varianzanalyse der fünf Sorten und für drei Jahre. Die in den Tabellen 2a, 2b und 2c aufgeführten Analysen zeigen dass signifikante Unterschiede (P〈0,001) im Hinblick auf die Zystenbildung zwischen den Sorten bestehen. Die Analyse in Tabelle 3 veranschaulicht dass die signifikanten Unterschiede in bezug auf die Zahl der gebildeten Zysten auf die Haupteinflüsse (Jahre, Sorten) zurükzuführen ist. Im ersten Sämlingstest (2A) wurde die Resistenz von Nachkommenschaften eines North Carolina 2-Kreuzungsprogrammes untersucht, bei dem elf gegenG. pallida resistente Klone mit sieben anfälligen gekreuzt wurden. Tabelle 4 zeigt die durchschnittlichen Zystenzahlen für die Nachkommenschaften der anfälligen Sorten und in Tabelle 5 ist die statistische Verrechnung aufgeführt. Die Verteilung des allgemeinen Kombinationsfähigkeitseffektes (Tab. 5) zeigt dass die anfälligen Eltern regelmässig, aber mit unterschiedlichem Ausmass zum generellen, inherenten Resistenzgrad gegen Kartoffelzystennematoden in der Nachkommenschaft beitragen. Im zweiten Sämlingstest (2B) wurde die Resistenz gegenG. pallida in 4 Nachkommenschaften anfälliger Eltern untersucht. Diese wurden in 5×5×4,5 cm Plastiktöpfen ‘Plant Pak’ in John Innes Nr. 2 Kompost, inokuliert mit 40 Eiern/g vonG. pallida, untersucht. 24 Einzelsämlinge wurden in jedem von 4 Blöcken randomisiert, Abb. 1 gibt die nach neun Wochen ausgezählten sichtbaren Zystenzahlen wieder. Das zeigt dass in den 4 Nachkommenschaften eine Abstufung der Anfälligkeit vorhanden ist. Die Ergebnisse der fünf Versuche zeigen dass zwischen den ursprünglich als anfällig angesehenen Sorten Unterschiede im Ausmass der Zystenproduktion bestehen. Diese Unterschiede stellen sowohl phänotypische als auch genotypische Variationen dar, die vorher beiSolanum tuberosum ssp.tuberosum nicht deutlich aufgezeigt waren. Diese Unterschiede können auf verschiedenen Faktoren des Phänotyps, ausser dem Resistenzmechanismus an sich, beruhen; im Zusammenhang mit einem Züchtungsprogramm ist aber am wichtigsten dass sie eine vererbbare Komponente haben, die zur Beschleunigung der phänotypischen Ausprägung der Resistenz beitragen kann.
    Abstract: Résumé Les variations de taux de multiplication des nématodes à kyste de la pomme de terre pour des variétés sensibles ont déjà été brièvement relatées. Des essais conduits au Scottish Crop Research Institute et les données de tests de routine dans le programme de sélection montrent que des différences phénotypiques et génotypiques existent entre clones, en ce qui concerne la résistance du nématode à kyste. Les études présentées concernent les variétés représentatives du groupeSolanum tuberosum ssp.tuberosum pour leur variation de sensibilité auGlobodera pallida. Des variétés généralement connues pour leur sensibilité auG. pallida (Pa2/3) sont expérimentées et mentionnées dans le tableau 1. Cinq essais sont réalisés. Les 3 premiers (1A, 1B et 1C) concernant la résistance des clones à partir des plantes issues de tubercules tandis que les deux autres (2A et 2B) se rapportent à la résistance de descendants issus de plantules provenant de croisements avec des variétés sensibles. Dans l'essai 1A (1978), des oeilletons de neuf variétés sont plantés en serre, à raison de 8 répétitions par variété. Le compost John Innes No 2 est inoculé avec 40 oeufs/g deG. pallida (Pa2/3). Les comptages de kystes après 11 semaines, exprimés en pourcentage du nombre de kystes sur Pentland Crown (% sensibilité) sont présentés dans la première colonne du tableau 1 et l'analyse statistique figure dans le tableau 2a. L'essai 1B (1982) comporte 25 variétés répétées cinq fois, en containers clos, et inoculées à 4 niveaux: 1500, 2000, 2500 et 3000 oeufs par container. Les comptages de kystes après 7 semaines sont présentés dans le tableau 1 en pourcentage de sensibilité sur la base des comptages moyens de kystes pour les 4 niveaux d'inoculum et l'analyse dans le tableau 2b. L'essai 1 C (1983) comporte 22 variétés, également en containers clos, maís avec un seul niveau d'inoculum: 3500 oeufs par container. Les résultats sont présentés dans le tableau 1 et l'analyse dans le tableau 2c. Les variétés présentées dans le tableau 1 sont classées par ordre décroissant avec comme première variété P. Javelin, qui produit le plus grand nombre de kystes. Pour les 36 variétés présentées dans le tableau 1, tous les test ont été réalisés sur cinq d'entre elles: P. Javelin, Désirée, M. Piper, Croft et P. Crown. L'arrachage de variance pour les 3 années et les cinq variétés est indiquée dans le tableau 3. Les analyses dans les tableaux 2a, 2b et 2c démontrent que des différences significatives (P〈0,001) existent entre les variétés, quant à la production de kystes. L'analyse dans le tableau 3 montre que la variation significative n'est expliquée que par les facteurs principaux (années et variétés), en ce qui concerne le nombre de kystes. Le premier test sur plantules met en évidence la résistance de la descendance par un programme de croisement North Carolina-2 entre 11 clônes résistants àG. pallida et 7 variétés sensibles. Un résumé des moyennes des kystes dans la descendance des variétés sensibles est indiqué dans le tableau 4 et l'analyse dans le tableau 5. Le part des effets combinés possibles, dans le tableau 5, montre que les parents sensibles contribuent de façon notable, mais à des degrés différents, aux niveaux de résistance propre au nématode pour chaque descendant. Le deuxième test sur plantules met en évidence la résistance àG. pallida pour quatre descendants de variétés sensibles. L'étude est faite dans des pots en plastique ‘plant pak’ de 5×5×4,5 cm remplis de compost John Innes No 2 inoculés avec 40 oeufs/g deG. pallida. 24 plantules individuelles sont placées au hasard dans chacun des quatre blocs. Les kistes visibles sont comptés après 9 semaines (figure 1); les résultats indiquent que différents niveaux de sensibilité existent pour les quatre descendants. Les résultats des cinq expériences démontrent qu'il y a des différences dans les niveaux de production de kystes pour des variétés prealablement classées comme étant d'égale sensibilité. Ces différences représentent des variations à la fois phénotypique et génotypique, au départ non clairement identifiées avecS. tuberosum ssp.tuberosum. Ces différences peuvent provenir de facteurs divers du phénotype autres que les mécanismes de résistance véritables, cependant il est important de considérer ce facteur héréditaire dans un programme de sélection ou il peut être utilisé pour accroître la résistance phénotypique.
    Notes: Summary Many cultivars of theSolanum tuberosum ssp.tuberosum group were investigated in a number of studies for their susceptibility toGlobodera pallida. Phenotypic and genotypic variation for this character is reported in material previously regarded as uniformly susceptible. The implications of these results are discussed in relation to potato breeding policy and nematological studies.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
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    European journal of plant pathology 101 (1995), S. 51-56 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: resistance ; potato breeding ; roots canister test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Fourteen cultivars generally regarded as uniformly susceptible toGlobodera pallida Pa 2/3 were assessed in plastic closed containers for degree of susceptibility and also for root and sprouting characteristics. The material was assessed by scoring degree of sprouting before planting and number of cysts and root growth at the end of experiment at intervals from the time of initial dormancy break through to prolific sprouting. Using covariate analyses, it was found that the degree of root development, particularly in the earlier assessments, significantly influenced the degree of cyst development and so the perceived levels of susceptibility/resistance. Having taken account of root growth characters, significant differences between the cultivars with regard to nematode multiplication were still evident. The implications of the results are discussed in relation to potato breeding and nematological studies.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 106 (2000), S. 365-372 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: bymovirus ; barley yellow mosaic virus ; barley mild mosaic virus ; resistance ; variability ; ELISA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The reaction of thirty-four barley cultivars from European and Asiatic origin was analysed in six soils infected with barley yellow mosaic virus complex (BaYMV, BaMMV). These soils were selected from 16 sites for their differences in cultivar response. Amongst the six cultivars carrying the ym4 gene (Esterel, Express, Labéa, Majestic, Réjane, Vanoise), only cv Majestic was infected at one site with BaYMV and BaMMV. Concerning BaYMV, three cultivars were infected on all the soils and 19 on none of them. Twelve cultivars were differentially infected depending on the soil. In the case of BaMMV, four cultivars were infected on all the soils and 19 on none of them. Eleven cultivars were differentially infected depending on the soil. ELISA tests revealed the presence, in these soils, of variants of BaYMV and BaMMV that were able to overcome at least seven of the 12 known resistance genes (ym3, ym4, ym6, ym8, ym9, ym10, ym11) and the resistance of three varieties (Tosan Kawa 73, OU1 and Taihoku A) in which the genetic basis is unknown. Amplification by RT-PCR of the N-terminal region for three of BaYMV variants was performed. Nucleotide and amino acid sequences were determined and compared with the corresponding sequence of a common strain of BaYMV-G. A few nucleotide differences were detected between all the French isolates, but there were no strain specific amino acid differences.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; Oryza glaberrima ; African rice ; interspecific hybrids ; hybrid sterility ; male sterility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Several hybrids between Oryza sativa and O. glaberrima and their backcrosses with O. sativa were studied. Their seed sterility was very different; large differences were also observed in the level of pollen sterility and in the earliness of microspore failure. The proportion of aborted embryo sacs was much lower than the rate of sterile male gametophytes. The backcross populations were much more sterile than the corresponding F1 hybrids. On the base of our observations and according to the literature, we may conclude that genic unbalance is the main cause of sterility of these hybrids, but that physiological factors may also be involved. Thus a restoration of fertility is generally possible by selection. On the other hand, male-sterile lines could be bred from some of these hybrids.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum ; tomato ; L. hirsutum glabratum ; Trialeurodes vaporariorum ; glasshouse whitefly ; resistance ; tomatine ; glycoalkaloids, capillary gas chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The total steroidal alkaloid compositions of the mature-harvested fruits of the tomato cultivar Allround (Lycopersicon esculentum), of the species L. hirsutum glabratum, resistant to the glasshouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum), and of four resistant lines were determined by capillary gas chromatography. The contents of α-tomatine in the red-ripe fruits of ‘Allround’ and in those of the lines were low (≤5 mg/kg fresh weight). The green-mature fruits of the wild species had a high content (3390 mg/kg fresh weight) of α-tomatine. The total alkaloid profiles of ‘Allround’ and of the lines were similar. Comparison of flame ionisation detector response with thermoionic detector response indicated that in addition to tomatidine, the aglycone of α-tomatine, a small amount of one other steroidal alkaloid might be present in ‘Allround’ and in the lines. The wild species contained five compounds which possibly are steroidal alkaloids. The safety level of α-tomatine in tomatoes is discussed. It was concluded that, in respect of the glycoalkaloids of the mature-harvested fruits, the resistant tomato breeding lines are as safe for human cosumption as the standard cultivar.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; drought resistance ; screening methods ; water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Although many selection indices have been used to screen rices (Oryza sativa L.) for drought resistance, there has been little comparison of the relative merits of these indices. Research was conducted to compare drought resistance as estimated from grain yields, canopy-temperature-based stress indices, visual scoring, and uprooting force for 30 rice genotypes grown in the field with a puddled Maahas clay (Typic Tropaquept) and to evaluate traits related to drought resistance from nonstressed plants grown in the field and in aeroponic culture. Water deficit was imposed in the field by withholding irrigation from 45 to 75 days after transplanting compared to a continuously flooded control. Grain yields in the stress treatment were most strongly correlated with visual assessment of drought stress symptoms according to a standard evaluation system (r = 0.66). Canopy-temperature-based indices were also significantly correlated with grain yields of the stress treatment (r from −0.55 to −0.63). No trait of aeroponically grown plants was correlated with traits of stressed plants in the field. We conclude that visual scoring of stressed plants was the best method of screening for drought resistance, but if controlled water deficit cannot be imposed, then drought resistance may be estimated by measuring both uprooting force and grain yield.
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