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  • 1
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    Mental rotation of the neuronal population vector (1989)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989-01-13
    Description: A rhesus monkey was trained to move its arm in a direction that was perpendicular to and counterclockwise from the direction of a target light that changed in position from trial to trial. Solution of this problem was hypothesized to involve the creation and mental rotation of an imagined movement vector from the direction of the light to the direction of the movement. This hypothesis was tested directly by recording the activity of cells in the motor cortex during performance of the task and computing the neuronal population vector in successive time intervals during the reaction time. The population vector rotated gradually counterclockwise from the direction of the light to the direction of the movement at an average rate of 732 degrees per second. These results provide direct, neural evidence for the mental rotation hypothesis and indicate that the neuronal population vector is a useful tool for "reading out" and identifying cognitive operations of neuronal ensembles.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Georgopoulos, A P -- Lurito, J T -- Petrides, M -- Schwartz, A B -- Massey, J T -- NS17413/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS20868/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1989 Jan 13;243(4888):234-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2911737" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Cognition ; Macaca mulatta ; Models, Neurological ; Models, Psychological ; *Motor Activity ; Motor Cortex/*physiology ; *Movement ; Neurons/*physiology ; Photic Stimulation ; Rotation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Cognitive neurophysiology of the motor cortex (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-04-02
    Description: A major challenge of current neuroscience is to elucidate the brain mechanisms that underlie cognitive function. There is no doubt that cognitive processing in the brain engages large populations of cells. This article explores the logic of investigating these problems by combining psychological studies in human subjects and neurophysiological studies of neuronal populations in the motor cortex of behaving monkeys. The results obtained show that time-varying psychological processes can be visualized in the time-varying activity of neuronal populations. Moreover, the functional interactions between cells in the motor cortex are very similar to those observed in a massively interconnected artificial network performing the same computation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Georgopoulos, A P -- Taira, M -- Lukashin, A -- NS17413/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- PSMH48185/PS/NCHHSTP CDC HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Apr 2;260(5104):47-52.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉American Legion, Minneapolis, MN.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8465199" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/physiology ; Cognition/*physiology ; Electrophysiology ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; Macaca mulatta ; Mathematics ; Motor Activity/physiology ; Motor Cortex/*physiology ; Movement ; Neurons/physiology ; Space Perception/physiology ; Vision, Ocular/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    The motor cortex and the coding of force (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-06-19
    Description: The relation of cellular activity in the motor cortex to the direction of two-dimensional isometric force was investigated under dynamic conditions in monkeys. A task was designed so that three force variables were dissociated: the force exerted by the subject, the net force, and the change in force. Recordings of neuronal activity in the motor cortex revealed that the activity of single cells was directionally tuned and that this tuning was invariant across different directions of a bias force. Cell activity was not related to the direction of force exerted by the subject, which changed drastically as the bias force changed. In contrast, the direction of net force, the direction of force change, and the visually instructed direction all remained quite invariant and congruent and could be the directional variables, alone or in combination, to which cell activity might relate.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Georgopoulos, A P -- Ashe, J -- Smyrnis, N -- Taira, M -- NS07226/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS17413/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jun 19;256(5064):1692-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Brain Sciences Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1609282" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Electrophysiology ; Haplorhini ; Isometric Contraction/*physiology ; Motor Activity/physiology ; Motor Cortex/*physiology ; Motor Neurons/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Neuronal population coding of movement direction (1986)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986-09-26
    Description: Although individual neurons in the arm area of the primate motor cortex are only broadly tuned to a particular direction in three-dimensional space, the animal can very precisely control the movement of its arm. The direction of movement was found to be uniquely predicted by the action of a population of motor cortical neurons. When individual cells were represented as vectors that make weighted contributions along the axis of their preferred direction (according to changes in their activity during the movement under consideration) the resulting vector sum of all cell vectors (population vector) was in a direction congruent with the direction of movement. This population vector can be monitored during various tasks, and similar measures in other neuronal populations could be of heuristic value where there is a neural representation of variables with vectorial attributes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Georgopoulos, A P -- Schwartz, A B -- Kettner, R E -- NS07226/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS17413/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS20868/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Sep 26;233(4771):1416-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3749885" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arm/innervation ; Macaca mulatta ; Mathematics ; Models, Neurological ; Motor Cortex/*physiology ; Motor Neurons/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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