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  • 1
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    An ultraviolet-radiation-independent pathway to melanoma carcinogenesis in the red hair/fair skin background (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-11-06
    Description: People with pale skin, red hair, freckles and an inability to tan--the 'red hair/fair skin' phenotype--are at highest risk of developing melanoma, compared to all other pigmentation types. Genetically, this phenotype is frequently the product of inactivating polymorphisms in the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene. MC1R encodes a cyclic AMP-stimulating G-protein-coupled receptor that controls pigment production. Minimal receptor activity, as in red hair/fair skin polymorphisms, produces the red/yellow pheomelanin pigment, whereas increasing MC1R activity stimulates the production of black/brown eumelanin. Pheomelanin has weak shielding capacity against ultraviolet radiation relative to eumelanin, and has been shown to amplify ultraviolet-A-induced reactive oxygen species. Several observations, however, complicate the assumption that melanoma risk is completely ultraviolet-radiation-dependent. For example, unlike non-melanoma skin cancers, melanoma is not restricted to sun-exposed skin and ultraviolet radiation signature mutations are infrequently oncogenic drivers. Although linkage of melanoma risk to ultraviolet radiation exposure is beyond doubt, ultraviolet-radiation-independent events are likely to have a significant role. Here we introduce a conditional, melanocyte-targeted allele of the most common melanoma oncoprotein, BRAF(V600E), into mice carrying an inactivating mutation in the Mc1r gene (these mice have a phenotype analogous to red hair/fair skin humans). We observed a high incidence of invasive melanomas without providing additional gene aberrations or ultraviolet radiation exposure. To investigate the mechanism of ultraviolet-radiation-independent carcinogenesis, we introduced an albino allele, which ablates all pigment production on the Mc1r(e/e) background. Selective absence of pheomelanin synthesis was protective against melanoma development. In addition, normal Mc1r(e/e) mouse skin was found to have significantly greater oxidative DNA and lipid damage than albino-Mc1r(e/e) mouse skin. These data suggest that the pheomelanin pigment pathway produces ultraviolet-radiation-independent carcinogenic contributions to melanomagenesis by a mechanism of oxidative damage. Although protection from ultraviolet radiation remains important, additional strategies may be required for optimal melanoma prevention.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3521494/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3521494/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mitra, Devarati -- Luo, Xi -- Morgan, Ann -- Wang, Jin -- Hoang, Mai P -- Lo, Jennifer -- Guerrero, Candace R -- Lennerz, Jochen K -- Mihm, Martin C -- Wargo, Jennifer A -- Robinson, Kathleen C -- Devi, Suprabha P -- Vanover, Jillian C -- D'Orazio, John A -- McMahon, Martin -- Bosenberg, Marcus W -- Haigis, Kevin M -- Haber, Daniel A -- Wang, Yinsheng -- Fisher, David E -- 5R01 AR043369-16/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- F30 ES020663-01/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR043369/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA101864/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA129933/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA131075/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA176839/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01-CA101864/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM007753/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Nov 15;491(7424):449-53. doi: 10.1038/nature11624. Epub 2012 Oct 31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23123854" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects ; Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects ; Hair Color/*genetics ; Indoles/pharmacology ; Melanins/metabolism ; Melanoma/*genetics ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Monophenol Monooxygenase/genetics ; Peroxidases/metabolism ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf/genetics ; Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1/genetics ; Skin Pigmentation/*genetics ; Sulfonamides/pharmacology ; Survival Analysis ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; *Ultraviolet Rays
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 2
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    Modelling vemurafenib resistance in melanoma reveals a strategy to forestall drug resistance (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-01-11
    Description: Mutational activation of BRAF is the most prevalent genetic alteration in human melanoma, with 〉/=50% of tumours expressing the BRAF(V600E) oncoprotein. Moreover, the marked tumour regression and improved survival of late-stage BRAF-mutated melanoma patients in response to treatment with vemurafenib demonstrates the essential role of oncogenic BRAF in melanoma maintenance. However, as most patients relapse with lethal drug-resistant disease, understanding and preventing mechanism(s) of resistance is critical to providing improved therapy. Here we investigate the cause and consequences of vemurafenib resistance using two independently derived primary human melanoma xenograft models in which drug resistance is selected by continuous vemurafenib administration. In one of these models, resistant tumours show continued dependency on BRAF(V600E)--〉MEK--〉ERK signalling owing to elevated BRAF(V600E) expression. Most importantly, we demonstrate that vemurafenib-resistant melanomas become drug dependent for their continued proliferation, such that cessation of drug administration leads to regression of established drug-resistant tumours. We further demonstrate that a discontinuous dosing strategy, which exploits the fitness disadvantage displayed by drug-resistant cells in the absence of the drug, forestalls the onset of lethal drug-resistant disease. These data highlight the concept that drug-resistant cells may also display drug dependency, such that altered dosing may prevent the emergence of lethal drug resistance. Such observations may contribute to sustaining the durability of the vemurafenib response with the ultimate goal of curative therapy for the subset of melanoma patients with BRAF mutations.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3930354/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3930354/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Das Thakur, Meghna -- Salangsang, Fernando -- Landman, Allison S -- Sellers, William R -- Pryer, Nancy K -- Levesque, Mitchell P -- Dummer, Reinhard -- McMahon, Martin -- Stuart, Darrin D -- R01 CA176839/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01-CA176839/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- T32 HL007185/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 Feb 14;494(7436):251-5. doi: 10.1038/nature11814. Epub 2013 Jan 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23302800" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects ; Disease Models, Animal ; Drug Administration Schedule ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/*drug effects ; Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism ; Humans ; Indoles/*administration & dosage/*adverse effects/pharmacology ; MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects ; Melanoma/*drug therapy/genetics/*pathology ; Mice ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/metabolism ; Mutation ; Neoplasm Transplantation ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Subcutaneous Tissue ; Sulfonamides/*administration & dosage/*adverse effects/pharmacology ; Time Factors ; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 3
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    Differential activation of ERK and JNK mitogen-activated protein kinases by Raf-1 and MEKK (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-12-09
    Description: Growth factors activate mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) and Jun kinases (JNKs). Although the signaling cascade from growth factor receptors to ERKs is relatively well understood, the pathway leading to JNK activation is more obscure. Activation of JNK by epidermal growth factor (EGF) or nerve growth factor (NGF) was dependent on H-Ras activation, whereas JNK activation by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) was Ras-independent. Ras activates two protein kinases, Raf-1 and MEK (MAPK, or ERK, kinase) kinase (MEKK). Raf-1 contributes directly to ERK activation but not to JNK activation, whereas MEKK participated in JNK activation but caused ERK activation only after overexpression. These results demonstrate the existence of two distinct Ras-dependent MAPK cascades--one initiated by Raf-1 leading to ERK activation, and the other initiated by MEKK leading to JNK activation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Minden, A -- Lin, A -- McMahon, M -- Lange-Carter, C -- Derijard, B -- Davis, R J -- Johnson, G L -- Karin, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Dec 9;266(5191):1719-23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0636.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7992057" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; Animals ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; Enzyme Activation/drug effects ; Epidermal Growth Factor/pharmacology ; Genes, ras ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; *MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 1 ; Mice ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 ; *Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; Nerve Growth Factors/pharmacology ; PC12 Cells ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/*metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf ; Rats ; Transfection ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology ; ras Proteins/*pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Control of mitotic spindle angle by the RAS-regulated ERK1/2 pathway determines lung tube shape (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-19
    Description: During early lung development, airway tubes change shape. Tube length increases more than circumference as a large proportion of lung epithelial cells divide parallel to the airway longitudinal axis. We show that this bias is lost in mutants with increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) and ERK2 activity, revealing a link between the ERK1/2 signaling pathway and the control of mitotic spindle orientation. Using a mathematical model, we demonstrate that change in airway shape can occur as a function of spindle angle distribution determined by ERK1/2 signaling, independent of effects on cell proliferation or cell size and shape. We identify sprouty genes, which encode negative regulators of fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10)-mediated RAS-regulated ERK1/2 signaling, as essential for controlling airway shape change during development through an effect on mitotic spindle orientation.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4260627/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4260627/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tang, Nan -- Marshall, Wallace F -- McMahon, Martin -- Metzger, Ross J -- Martin, Gail R -- 5T32HL007185/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA131201/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA131261/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA78711/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 DE17744/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM077004/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jul 15;333(6040):342-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1204831.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21764747" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; Animals ; Cell Polarity ; Cell Proliferation ; Cell Shape ; Cell Size ; Epithelial Cells/cytology ; Fibroblast Growth Factor 10/genetics/metabolism ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Lung/cytology/*embryology/metabolism ; *MAP Kinase Signaling System ; Membrane Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/*metabolism ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/*metabolism ; Mitosis ; Models, Biological ; *Morphogenesis ; Mutation ; Organogenesis ; Phosphoproteins/genetics/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/genetics/*metabolism ; Respiratory Mucosa/cytology/*embryology ; Spindle Apparatus/*physiology/ultrastructure
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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