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  • 1
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    Microwave radiative transfer studies of precipitation (1993)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Since the deployment of the DMSP SSM/I microwave imagers in 1987, increased utilization of passive microwave radiometry throughout the 10 - 100 GHz spectrum has occurred for measurement of atmospheric constituents and terrestrial surfaces. Our efforts have focused on observations and analysis of the microwave radiative transfer behavior of precipitating clouds. We have focused particular attention on combining both aircraft and SSM/I radiometer imagery with ground-based multiparameter radar observations. As part of this and the past NASA contract, we have developed a multi-stream, polarized radiative transfer model which incorporates scattering. The model has the capability to be initialized with cloud model output or multiparameter radar products. This model provides the necessary 'link' between the passive microwave radiometer and active microwave radar observations. This unique arrangement has allowed the brightness temperatures (TB) to be compared against quantities such as rainfall, liquid/ice water paths, and the vertical structure of the cloud. Quantification of the amounts of ice and water in precipitating clouds is required for understanding of the global energy balance.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center, NASA(MSFC FY92 Earth Science and Applications Program Research Review; p 89-90
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
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    Ground-truth measurement systems (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Ground-truth measurements of precipitation and related weather events are an essential component of any satellite system designed for monitoring rainfall from space. Such measurements are required for testing, evaluation, and operations; they provide detailed information on the actual weather events, which can then be compared with satellite observations intended to provide both quantitative and qualitative information about them. Also, very comprehensive ground-truth observations should lead to a better understanding of precipitation fields and their relationships to satellite data. This process serves two very important functions: (a) aiding in the development and interpretation of schemes of analyzing satellite data, and (b) providing a continuing method for verifying satellite measurements.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 5 p
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  • 3
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    Remote sensing of precipitation structures using combined microwave radar and radiometric techniques (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: After reviewing published multiparameter radar observations and their interpretation for microphysical retrieval, the paper presents radiative transfer model simulations performed using radar measurements and a cloud model. The qualitative and quantitative aspects of the remote sensing of precipitation are discussed with particular attention given to the potential of estimating scattering-based ice water path.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: In: Wave propagation and scattering in varied media II; Proceedings of the Meeting, San Diego, CA, July 22-24, 1991 (A93-42276 17-74); p. 324-338.
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  • 4
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    Bulk ice characterization using coupled cloud, multiparameter radar, and radiative transfer models (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The study demonstrates the potential utility of employing scattering-based passive microwave channels (not less than 37 GHz) to estimate the amount of ice water path that exists above rain in precipitating clouds. This methodology can be used along with lower-frequency emission-based channels to infer the columnar melt water and ice water paths. Portions of the ice column that coexist with cloud water hide the usually steep brightness temperature cooling through this region and inhibit characterization of the total ice column.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: In: International Conference on Radar Meteorology, 25th, Paris, France, June 24-28, 1991, Preprints (A93-37626 15-47); p. 729-732.
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  • 5
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    Multiparameter radar and advanced microwave precipitation radiometer observations of tropical convection (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Combinations of both active and passive microwave sensors have been proposed for experiments such as the tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM). During the summer 1991 Convection and Precipitation/Electrification Experiment (CaPE) in central Florida, both cold- and warm-rain precipitation processes were studied with the NCAR CP-2 multiparameter radar, operating at 3 and 10 GHz. The Advanced Microwave Precipitation Radiometer (AMPR), which operates at 10.7, 19.35, 37.1, and 85.5 GHz, was flown aboard NASA's ER-2 high-altitude aircraft over storms being scanned by the CP-2 radar. Top-of-atmosphere multifrequency TB from the AMPR is presented along with coincident CP-2 radar observations. Joint analysis of both radar and radiometer data sets allows refinement of new and existing precipitation retrieval techniques which will utilize the multifrequency TB from an integrated spaceborne microwave radiometer/radar system.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: In: IGARSS '92; Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Houston, TX, May 26-29, 1992. Vol. 2 (A93-47551 20-43); p. 1719-1721.
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  • 6
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    The differential reflectivity dual polarization method of rainfall measurements (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Several methods used to estimate rainfall rate-R were surveyed. The distribution N(D) of dropsizes is of central importance in determining the reflectivity factor-Z, attenuation rate-K, and R. With single parameter measurement techniques either of the remotely sensed parameters Z or K can be used to estimate R when gross assumptions on N(D) can be made. If N(D) can be described by a two parameter distribution, dual measurement techniques can better estimate R without invoking these coarse assumptions. Three techniques whereby two variables might be measured are reviewed: (1) dual wavelength in which Z and K are remotely measured; (2) dual polarization in which reflectivity is measured with two orthogonal polarizations; and (3) rain gage-radar combinations whereby in situ point measurements of R and radar measurement of Z or R are combined to obtain a better assessment of rain over areas between gages.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 7 p
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  • 7
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    Multiparameter radar study of a microburst - Comparison with model results (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Radar observations and model results are used to investigate the microphysical evolution of an isolated, intense storm observed on July 20, 1988 during the Microburst and Severe Thunderstorm experiment. The storm grew to a height of 14 km and upon collapsing, produced heavy rain, pea-sized hail, and a microburst at the surface. The radar observations indicate that the initial precipitation development was by collision-coalescence. As the storm intensified, accretional growth became dominant leading to rapid precipitation development. Radar-derived rainfall rates peaked around 150 to 190 mm/h. Each morning during the experiment, a two-dimensional, time-dependent cloud model, initialized with the morning sounding, was run. The model results from the July 20 sounding are compared to the radar observations. Good agreement is shown in some aspects of the storm development, although the numerical simulation predicted a more vigorous storm than actually developed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 46; 601-620
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  • 8
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    Microwave radiative transfer studies using combined multiparameter radar and radiometer measurements during Cohmex (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Theoretical calculations of the upwelling microwave radiances from clouds containing layers of rain, ice, and a melting region were performed at frequencies of 18, 37, and 92 GHz. These frequencies coincide with high-resolution microwave radiometer measurements taken aboard the NASA ER-2 high-altitude aircraft during the summer 1986 Cohmex (Cooperative Huntsville Meteorological Experiment) in Alabama. For purposes of brightness temperature computations, the storms were modeled with rain, melting phase, and ice layers. The melting phase region was composed of water-coated ice spheres defined by a 'melt index' in terms of the volume fraction of water. Single scatter albedo, scattering, and extinction coefficients were computed at the above frequencies as a function of the rain rate and melt index. In addition, multiparameter radar observations of the storm were mapped into a Cartesian space and averaged over regions comparable to the radiometer footprint.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0894-8763); 29; 561-585
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  • 9
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    Simulation of radar reflectivity and surface measurements of rainfall (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Raindrop size distributions (RSDs) are often estimated using surface raindrop sampling devices (e.g., disdrometers) or optical array (2D-PMS) probes. A number of authors have used these measured distributions to compute certain higher-order RSD moments that correspond to radar reflectivity, attenuation, optical extinction, etc. Scatter plots of these RSD moments versus disdrometer-measured rainrates are then used to deduce physical relationships between radar reflectivity, attenuation, etc., which are measured by independent instruments (e.g., radar), and rainrate. In this paper RSDs of the gamma form as well as radar reflectivity (via time series simulation) are simulated to study the correlation structure of radar estimates versus rainrate as opposed to RSD moment estimates versus rainrate. The parameters N0, D0 and m of a gamma distribution are varied over the range normally found in rainfall, as well as varying the device sampling volume. The simulations are used to explain some possible features related to discrepancies which can arise when radar rainfall measurements are compared with surface or aircraft-based sampling devices.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: AD-A194004 , Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology (ISSN 0739-0572); 4; 464-478
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  • 10
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    Ice water path estimation and characterization using passive microwave radiometry (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Model computations of top-of-atmospheric microwave brightness temperatures T(B) from layers of precipitation-sized ice of variable bulk density and ice water content (IWC) are presented. It is shown that the 85-GHz T(B) depends essentially on the ice optical thickness. The results demonstrate the potential usefulness of scattering-based channels for characterizing the ice phase and suggest a top-down methodology for retrieval of cloud vertical structure and precipitation estimation from multifrequency passive microwave measurements. Attention is also given to radiative transfer model results based on the multiparameter radar data initialization from the Cooperative Huntsville Meteorological Experiment (COHMEX) in northern Alabama. It is shown that brightness temperature warming effects due to the inclusion of a cloud liquid water profile are especially significant at 85 GHz during later stages of cloud evolution.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0894-8763); 30; 1407-142
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