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  • 1
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    Numerical simulation of flow near steep mountains with a potential enstrophy conserving scheme for the shallow water equations (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Numerical experiments show that use of a potential enstrophy conserving scheme drastically improves numerical simulation of flow near steep mountains.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 111-115
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    The parameterization of the planetary boundary layer in the UCLA general circulation model - Formulation and results (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A planetary boundary layer (PBL) parameterization for general circulation models (GCMs) is presented. It uses a mixed-layer approach in which the PBL is assumed to be capped by discontinuities in the mean vertical profiles. Both clear and cloud-topped boundary layers are parameterized. Particular emphasis is placed on the formulation of the coupling between the PBL and both the free atmosphere and cumulus convection. For this purpose a modified sigma-coordinate is introduced in which the PBL top and the lower boundary are both coordinate surfaces. The use of a bulk PBL formulation with this coordinate is extensively discussed. Results are presented from a July simulation produced by the UCLA GCM. PBL-related variables are shown, to illustrate the various regimes the parameterization is capable of simulating.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 111; 2224-224
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  • 3
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    Interaction of a cumulus cloud ensemble with the large-scale environment. II (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The closure assumption of the Arakawa-Schubert (1974) cumulus parameterization is examined with attention to the kinetic energy budget of a cumulus subensemble. It is concluded that dissipation should depend primarily on cloud type, and that cloud-work functions calculated under different synoptic conditions should consequently be quasi-constant for each cloud type. Observational evidence for the cloud-work function quasi-equilibrium is presented. Cloud-work functions are calculated from a variety of data sets in the tropics and subtropics. The results demonstrate that the cloud-work functions fall into a well-defined narrow range for each subensemble, although the thermodynamical vertical structures for each data set are quite different.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 37; Dec. 198
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  • 4
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    A numerical study of a marine subtropical stratus cloud layer and its stability (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A model for numerical simulation of stratus cloud layers is constructed by combining a second-order closure, turbulent transfer model with a thermal radiative transfer model. The turbulent transfer model allows water vapor saturation. The combined turbulence-radiation model is applied to both a horizontally uniform one-dimensional case and a horizontally nonuniform two-dimensional case. In the latter, the dynamics of mesoscale circulations are also incorporated. Results of the two-dimensional simulation show that the layer cloud instability occurs where the sea surface temperature is high and the large-scale subsidence is weak. The simulated instability is analyzed in view of an instability criterion, the eddy kinetic energy budget, and evaporative cooling near the cloud top.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 37; Dec. 198
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  • 5
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    Computational design of the basic dynamical processes of the UCLA general circulation model (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The 12-layer UCLA general circulation model encompassing troposphere and stratosphere (and superjacent 'sponge layer') is described. Prognostic variables are: surface pressure, horizontal velocity, temperature, water vapor and ozone in each layer, planetary boundary layer (PBL) depth, temperature, moisture and momentum discontinuities at PBL top, ground temperature and water storage, and mass of snow on ground. Selection of space finite-difference schemes for homogeneous incompressible flow, with/without a free surface, nonlinear two-dimensional nondivergent flow, enstrophy conserving schemes, momentum advection schemes, vertical and horizontal difference schemes, and time differencing schemes are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 6
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    An energy and potential enstrophy conserving scheme for the shallow water equations (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A three-dimensional finite difference scheme for the solution of the shallow water momentum equations which accounts for the conservation of potential enstrophy in the flow of a homogeneous incompressible shallow atmosphere over steep topography as well as for total energy conservation is presented. The scheme is derived to be consistent with a reasonable scheme for potential vorticity advection in a long-term integration for a general flow with divergent mass flux. Numerical comparisons of the characteristics of the present potential enstrophy-conserving scheme with those of a scheme that conserves potential enstrophy only for purely horizontal nondivergent flow are presented which demonstrate the reduction of computational noise in the wind field with the enstrophy-conserving scheme and its convergence even in relatively coarse grids.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction; Oct 29, 1979 - Nov 01, 1979; Silver Spring, MD
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  • 7
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    Interaction of a cumulus cloud ensemble with the large-scale environment. IV - The discrete model (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Arakawa-Schubert (1974) parameterization is applied to a prognostic model of large-scale atmospheric circulations and used to analyze data in a general circulation model (GCM). The vertical structure of the large-scale model and the solution for the cloud subensemble thermodynamical properties are examined to choose cloud levels and representative regions. A mass flux distribution equation is adapted to formulate algorithms for calculating the large-scale forcing and the mass flux kernel, using either direct solution or linear programming. Finally, the feedback of the cumulus ensemble on the large-scale environment for a given subensemble mass flux is calculated. All cloud subensemble properties were determined from the conservation of mass, moist static energy, and total water.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 39; Jan. 198
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  • 8
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    July simulation by the UCLA general circulation model (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Results of a July simulation produced by the UCLA general circulation model are analyzed with a view to improving the model. It is shown that while many features of the July climatology are well reproduced, others, such as the intensity of the jet streams in the upper troposphere, the frequency of cyclogenesis, the structure of the subtropical pressure belt in the Southern Hemisphere, and the precipitation are not well reproduced. It is suggested that the sources of error are related to inadequate vertical and horizontal resolutions, to the choice of upper boundary at 50 mb, to poor representation of topographically forced motions, and to the indirect coupling between the general circulation model and the planetary boundary model. The analysis has led to the introduction of major design changes in the model.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction; Oct 29, 1979 - Nov 01, 1979; Silver Spring, MD
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  • 9
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    Description and preliminary results of the 9-level UCLA general circulation model (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The 9-level general circulation model, with the upper boundary of 50 mb, is a modification of the earlier 6- and 12-level versions used at UCLA. Two major design changes have been made in an effort to improve the model: (1) a potential enstrophy conserving scheme in the equation of motion has replaced the previous scheme which only conserved enstrophy for nondivergent flow, and (2) the treatment of the planetary boundary layer has been modified by making the predicted planetary boundary layer top a coordinate surface. Experiments with idealized steep mountains have been made to test each of the major modifications, and the model is now ready for general circulation simulation experiments.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction; Oct 29, 1979 - Nov 01, 1979; Silver Spring, MD
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  • 10
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    Simulation of the planetary boundary layer with the UCLA general circulation model (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A planetary boundary layer (PBL) model is presented which employs a mixed layer entrainment formulation to describe the mass exchange between the mixed layer with the upper, laminar atmosphere. A modified coordinate system couples the mixed layer model with large scale and sub-grid scale processes of a general circulation model. The vertical coordinate is configured as a sigma coordinate with the lower boundary, the top of the PBL, and the prescribed pressure level near the tropopause expressed as coordinate surfaces. The entrainment mass flux is parameterized by assuming the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy to be proportional to the positive part of the generation by convection or mechanical production. The results of a simulation of July are presented for the entire globe.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Numerical Weather Prediction; Nov 02, 1981 - Nov 06, 1981; Monterey, CA
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