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  • Life and Medical Sciences  (9)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (4)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 249 (1997), S. 11-32 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: This paper reports on polymer membranes characterized by a surface layer of hydroxyalkyl derivatives of cellulose. Water compatible polymers like hydroxyalkyl derivatives of cellulose are preferably those exhibiting good chemical stability and desired membrane characteristics. Normally, water-compatible polymers used in the coating solutions must be rendered water-insoluble after coating. By adapting crosslinking conditions on separation problems, the membranes are useful for many processes in the fields of biotechnology, food and chemical industry.The membranes presented here possess the advantage of being highly resistant to chemical and biological degradation and, hence, have long lifetimes under many process conditions.
    Notes: Es wird die Entwicklung hydrophiler Polymermembranen diskutiert, die nach Beschichtung mit Celluloseethern und anschließender Vernetzung auf den asymmetrischen Trägermembranen interessante Permeations- und Trenneigenschaften bei hervorragenden chemischen Stabilitäten, vor allem beim Membrantrennverfahren der Nanofiltration, aufzeigen. Weiterhin werden Aussagen zu den Gastrenneigenschaften der Celluloseetherkompositmembranen getroffen.Erläutert werden die Permeations- und Trenndaten der Kompositmembranen in Korrelation zur Vernetzung der Celluloseether anhand verschiedener Einflußgrößen, was qualitative und gegebenenfalls quantitative Aussagen zum Vernetzungsmechanismus der Celluloseetherderivate erlaubt. Dabei stehen die Vernetzungstemperatur, der Einfluß der katalysierenden Wasserstoffionen und bedingt die Vernetzungszeit im Vordergrund. Abgerundet werden die Arbeiten durch Ermittlungen rheologischer Daten, die in Zusammenhang zu den Vernetzungsreaktionen und damit zu membranspezifischen Größen stehen.Infolge der hervorragenden chemischen Stabilität der Celluloseether werden Einsatzmöglichkeiten der Kompositmembranen zur Nanofiltration niedermolekularer Verbindungen aus organisch hochbelasteten Systemen beschrieben.
    Additional Material: 30 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 199 (1992), S. 119-127 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Silicone-containing copolyesters have been prepared as copolymers or mixtures and films have been made from copolyester solutions. The surface of these membranes has been studied by measurements of dynamic contant angle hysteresis. Both in copolymers and mixtures the surface is dominated by siloxane that builds up siloxane domains.
    Notes: Siliconcopolyester wurden als Copolymere oder als Mischung mit Phenyltrichlorsilan-Hydrolysat hergestellt und aus der Lijsung zu Folien geformt. Durch Messung der dynamischen Kontaktwinkelhysterese wurde die für eine Diffusion von Gasen bei der Gastrennung relevante Phasenverteilung an der Oberfläche dieser Membranen untersucht. Sowohl in Copolymeren als auch in Mischungen wird die Oberfläche durch in Domänen aggregiertes Siloxan bestimmt.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 235 (1996), S. 161-174 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The chemical modification of polyacrylonitrile ultrafiltration (PAN-UF) membranes by hydroxylamine yields low-pressure reverse-osmosis (LP-RO) membranes containing amidoxime and hydroxamic acid groups besides nitrile groups. These membranes are positively charged at pH values of 4.0 to 6.5.The water permeability of the membranes decreases from 400 L h-1 m-2 to 15 L h-1 m-2 (p = 0.3 MPa) by this modification. A comprehensive characterization was carried out by retention curves, IR and NMR spectra, Hg porosimetry, measurement of membrane potentials and separation performance regarding different metal salts.Due to the Donnan exclusion these membranes have a retention of 88% at a filtrate flux of 8 L h-1 m-2(p = 0.3 MPa) regarding bivalent metal ions like Ca2+ and Mg2+ which cause the water hardness. Regarding heavy metal ions like Cu2+ and In3+ much higher filtrate fluxes from 90 to 100 L h-1 m-2 (p = 0.3 MPa) are possible.In water medium without any heavy metal ions the amidoxime and hydroxamic acid groups are hydrolysed to carboxylic acid groups which are able to reject multivalentanions. By this the water softening ability remains.
    Notes: Die chemische Modifizierung von Polyacrylnitril-Ultrafiltrations(PAN-UF)-Membranen mit Hydroxylamin führt zu Niederdruckumkehrosmose-Membranen, die neben verbleibenden Nitrilguppen sowohl Amidoxim- als auch Hydroxamsäuregruppen enthalten und bei einem pH von 4,0 bis 6,5 positiv geladen sind.Die Wasserdurchlässigkeit der Membranen sinkt durch diese Modifizierung von 400 L h-1 m-2 auf 15 L h-1 m-2 (p = 0,3 MPa). Eine umfassende Charakterisierung erfolgte anhand von Trennkurven, IR- und NMR-Spektren, der Hg-Porosimetrie, der Membranpotentialmessung und der Trennleistung für verschiedene Metallsalze. Infolge des Donnan-Ausschlusses haben diese Membranen für zweiwertige Metallionen, wie die Härtebildner des Wassers Ca2+ und Mg2+, eine Rückhaltung von 88% bei einem Filtratfluß von 8 L h-1 m-2 (p = 0.3 MPa). Für Schwermetallionen wie Cu2+ und In3+ sind bei annähernd gleicher Rükhaltung wesentlich höhere Durchflußraten von 90 bis 100 L h-1 m-2 (p = 0,3 MPa) möglich.Im wäßrigen, schwermetallionenfreien Medium unterliegen die Amidoxim- und Hydroxamsäuregruppen der Hydrolyse, und es entstehen an der Membranoberfläche Carboxylgruppen, durch die mehrwertige Anionen zurückgehalten werden. Ihr Vermögen zur Wasserenthärtung bleibt erhalten.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Deletions in chromosome 7 of the mouse have been shown to cause failure of expression of various hepatocyte-specific genes in newborn deletion homozygotes, including the gene encoding tyrosine amino transferase (TAT) (EC 2.6.1.5) (Gluecksohn-Waelsch, 1979). Primary liver cultures of newborn albino deletion mutant mice (C14CoS/C14CoS) and of phenotypically normal mice (C14CoS/Cch or Cch/Cch) were infected with SV40 virus and multiplying hepatocytes selected in arginine-deficient medium containing epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin, and hydrocortisone (HC). Resulting normal (NMH-ch) and mutant (NMH-m14) hepatocyte lines expressing integrated viral transforming sequences did not senesce, they multiplied autonomously of EGF in medium with insulin plus HC, and they retained hepatocyte-specific functions. Both lines synthesized arginine and contained albumin and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) mRNAs. TAT-specific mRNA was detected in normal but not in mutant hepatocyte lines. A fragment of the mouse tyrosinase gene, known to map at the albino locus (c) within the region deleted in the C14CoS mutant, hybridized with a 2.5 kb EcoRI fragment of normal NMH-ch DNA, whereas this fragment was undetectable in mutant NMH-m14 DNA. These immortalized hepatocyte lines reflect important properties of normal and mutant liver tissues from which they were derived. The deletion mutant mouse cell lines may be useful for complementation studies involving sequences corresponding to the deletions that encode regulatory gene(s) involved in the control of inducible expression of certain hepatocyte-specific genes such as TAT.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 237 (1996), S. 45-53 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Der Beitrag behandelt die Herstellung, die Morphologie und die Transporteigenschaften einer zur Stofftrennung mittels Pervaporation geeigneten neuartigen Mehrschichtmembran.Auf einer mikroporösen Stützschicht aus einem Polyamidimid befindet sich eine Zwischenschicht aus Poly[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylmethacrylat]. Auf diesen Verbund wird ein als Diffusionsbarriere dienender Film eines leiterartigen Polysiloxans aufgebracht. Die Membran besitzt geringe Permeabilitäten für schwach polare Flüssigkeiten, z. B. Cyclohexan; sie zeigt Entwässerungseigenschaften bei einem Wasser/Isopropanol-Gemisch und besitzt eine hohe Permeabilität (bis zu 14,5 kg h-1 m-2) und hohe Trennfaktoren (bis zu 27430) bei der Abtrennung von Methanol aus Cyclohexan. Die Transporteigenschaften der Membran werden aus der Sicht des Henis-Tripodi-Widerstandsmodells unter Einbeziehung der hydrophoben/hydrophilen Natur der verwendeten Polymeren diskutiert.
    Notes: The formation, morphology and transport properties of a new multilayer pervaporation membrane have been studied.This membrane consists of a microporous support based on a poly(amideimide), an intermediate poly[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] layer, and a top diffusion layer of ladder polysiloxane. The membrane has low permeability for weakly polar liquids (e.g. cyclohexane); it exhibits dehydrating properties for waterisopropanol mixtures and has high productivity (up to 14.5 kg h-1 m-2) and high separation factor (up to 27430) when methanol is isolated from mixtures with cyclohexane. The transport properties of the membrane are discussed with respect to the Henis-Tripodi resistance model, taking into account the hydrophobic-hydrophilic nature of the polymers used.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 85 (1975), S. 113-123 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Primary fetal rat liver cells cultured in medium deficient in, but not free of, arginine in the presence of dialyzed fetal calf serum grow until the final cell density is attained and cells become quiescent in the G0 phase of the cell cycle. When growing cells are transferred into arginine free medium, cells become reversibly arrested in G0. Fetal rat liver cells can be induced to synthesize DNA by addition of high levels of arginine to serum free medium. Low arginine levels in the culture medium do not induce cell growth unless serum is present. Serum stimulates arginine uptake in fetal rat liver cells suggesting that serum growth factor(s) act by increasing intracellular arginine levels high enough to initiate the growth cycle. Fractionation of fetal calf serum by gel filtration on G-200 Sephadex yields a partially purified arginine uptake stimulating activity which is eluted from the column in the same fractions that contain fetal rat liver cell growth promoting activity. Insulin induces DNA synthesis in quiescent fetal rat liver cells. Glucagon reverses the stimulatory effects of insulin. N6,O2-Dibutyryl adenosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphoric acid (But2c-AMP) (10-4 M) and theophilline (10-3 M) inhibit arginine uptake and the initiation of DNA synthesis by serum. The role of arginine in the control of DNA synthesis in fetal rat liver cells and the mechanism of action of serum growth factors are discussed.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 98 (1979), S. 31-39 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Total cellular calcium levels do not change when 3T3-4a cells stop proliferating due to serum depletion, or when serum-arrested quiescent cells are incubated for up to 44 hours in calcium-deficient medium (∼10 μM Ca++). Upon stimulation with dialyzed serum cells enter S and progress through at least one cycle even at extremely low calcium levels in the culture medium (≥10 μM). Cells divide until a final cell density is attained which is proportional to the calcium concentration in the medium and cells reversibly arrest in G1. Cells which arrested in G1 in medium containing ≤26 μM Ca++ in the presence of excess serum can be stimulated to enter S in response to added calcium after a prereplicative phase of 14 to 16 hours. Serum does not affect 45Ca-uptake in these cells. Benzo[a]pyrene transformed 3T3 (BP3T3) cells have a 100-200 times lower Ca++-requirement than 3T3 cells but arrest in G1 at low Ca++ levels. In contrast, SV40-virus transformed 3T3 (SV3T3) cells that grow without restriction in monolayer cultures have even lower Ca++-requirements for growth than BP3T3 cells and have no Ca++-sensitive restriction point. Therefore, 3T3 and BP3T3 cells have retained the capacity to sense intracellular Ca++-pool sizes and to arrest in G1 at subthreshold cellular Ca++-levels.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 97 (1978), S. 9-16 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Intracellular plasminogen activator (PA) was examined in 3T3 and transformed 3T3 cells under various growth conditions to determine whether expression of this activity changes with the growth state. During exponential growth, SV40 and benzpyrene (BP) transformed 3T3 cells exhibited 3- to 5-fold more intracellular PA activity than untransformed 3T3 cells. This relationship changed as the cells exhausted serum factors and arrested in G1. The specific activity of intracellular PA in cells that have retained a serum-sensitive restriction point in G1 (G0) (3T3 and BP 3T3) increased 200- and 20-fold, respectively, at this time, while the level in cells that have lost most growth control mechanisms (SV3T3) remained constant. At confluency, 3T3 cells had considerably more PA than either of their transformed counterparts. Sparse cultures of 3T3 and BP3T3 cells arrest at G1 following serum depravation, and also accumulate high intracellular PA activity. The addition of serum or purified epidermal growth factor to these cultures initiated cell proliferation and resulted in a rapid, actinomycin D-sensitive loss of this activity. Less than 50% of the original activity remained 30 minutes after growth stimulation. This loss of intracellular PA activity did not appear to result from the presence of serum or cellular inhibitors. Intracellular PA activity remained low following growth stimulation. It increased again as the cells traversed through G1. These findings indicate that intracellular PA activity fluctuates with the growth state of cells, and may be related to the cell cycle. Culture conditions which place cells, whether normal or transformed, in G1 arrest lead to increased intracellular PA, while factors that initiate growth again result in a rapid loss of this activity. This behavior is lacking in cells not subject to density-dependent inhibition of growth. Like many other correlates of transformation, comparison of intracellular PA in normal and transformed cells must be defined in terms of the growth state of the cells in question.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 103 (1980), S. 263-269 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Phosphatidylinositol (PI) synthesis and its role in controlling the cell cycle has been investigated using fibroblasts and liver cells in culture. PI synthesis as measured by incorporation of [3H]-myo-inositol into trichloroacetic acid precipitable material during 0-60 min after serum or growth factor stimulation of serum-starved cells is increased in primary fetal rat liver cells, rat embryo fibroblasts, and 3T3 mouse cells. In contrast, growth stimulation of 3T3 cells and hepatocytes rendered quiescent in G1 by amino acid starvation is not accompanied by increased incorporation of [3H]-myo-inositol into trichloroacetic acid precipitable material. This suggests that those cells might be arrested at a different point in G1 than cells arrested by serum depletion. Inhibition of PI synthesis by δ-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), a steric analog of myo-inositol, during early times (e.g., 0-4 hr) after growth stimulation, reversibly blocks initiation of DNA synthesis in 3T3 cells. The results support the idea that increased PI synthesis in response to growth stimulation in the cell types studied here is a prerequisite for progression through G1 and subsequent entry into S phase.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 142 (1990), S. 149-154 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and transforming growth factor-α (TGFα) have been identified as potent hepatotrophic mitogens. bFGF and TGFα induce DNA synthesis in fetal and adult rat hepatocytes in primary culture and support fetal rat hepatocyte multiplication in chemically defined medium. No additional exogenous growth or progression factors are required by the cells for traversing the cell cycle or for cell division. These mitogenic polypeptides, previously identified in various cell types including liver and endothelial cells, platelets, and macrophages may act locally in a paracrine mode in controlling hepatocyte multiplication in the liver during development and regeneration.
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