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  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (34)
  • 1
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    Long-term changes in reflectivity and larger scale motions in the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A multi-color, broad-band photographic program for monitoring atmospheric variability of Jupiter and Saturn with the 61-cm, f/75 telescope was continued. The archivial product consists of approximately 20 sequential images on 3 1/4 x 4 1/4 glass plates with a plate scale of 4.53 arc sec/mm. An eleven-step sensitometric wedge, recorded times of acquisition, and fiducial marks which determine the orientation of the plate, are recorded on each individual plate. This allows accurate positional measurements, as well as detailed relative surface brightness determinations. Detailed measurements of the Red Spot are being utilized in a study of zonal velocity variation and the ability to predict the longitude of the Red Spot during the Galileo mission. An ongoing 5-color series of Saturn has been maintained to map the seasonal changes in the belt-zone reflectivity. Digitization of a series of blue images containing the Red Spot and a series of red and blue images excluding the Red Spot are being processed and reduced to normalized surface brightness maps. This data is being utilized to map time-dependent brightness variations of selected features, belts, and ones.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Reports of Planetary Astronomy, 1985; p 17-18
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  • 2
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    Neptune's wind speeds obtained by tracking clouds in Voyager images (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Images of Neptune obtained by the narrow-angle camera of the Voyager 2 spacecraft reveal large-scale cloud features that persist for several months or longer. The features' periods of rotation about the planetary axis range from 15.8 to 18.4 hours. The atmosphere equatorward of -53 deg rotates with periods longer than the 16.05-hour period deduced from Voyager's planetary radio astronomy experiment (presumably the planet's internal rotation period). The wind speeds computed with respect to this radio period range from 20 meters per second eastward to 325 meters per second westward. Thus, the cloud-top wind speeds are roughly the same for all the planets ranging from Venus to Neptune, even though the solar energy inputs to the atmospheres vary by a factor of 1000.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 245; 1367-136
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  • 3
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    A wave dynamical interpretation of Saturn's polar hexagon (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The hexagonal, pole-centered cloud feature in Saturn's northern atmosphere, as revealed in Voyager close-encounter imaging mosaics, may be interpreted as a stationary Rossby wave. The wave is embedded within a sharply peaked eastward jet (of 100 meters per second) and appears to be perturbed by at least one anticyclonic oval vortex immediately to the south. The effectively exact observational determination of the horizontal wave number and phase speed, applied to a simple model dispersion relation, suggests that the wave is vertically trapped and provides a diagnostic template for further modeling of the deep atmospheric stratification.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 247; 1061-106
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  • 4
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    Vertical structure models of the 1990 equatorial disturbance on Saturn (1993)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: In September 1990, an atmospheric disturbance in the form of an abnormally high albedo area developed in the equatorial region of Saturn. Events of this nature are exceedingly rare for this planet as they have been detected in the equatorial region on only two other occasions in over a century. In ongoing monitoring of the atmospheres of the outer planets, CCD imaging observations of Saturn by New Mexico State University's Tortugas Mountain Station were made before, during, and after the disturbance's formation through both broad-band filters and narrow-band visible/near-IR filters centered in methane absorption bands. Also, multispectral Hubble Space Telescope observations were made within weeks of the event and later in 1991. These observations were calibrated and scans of reflectivity at constant latitude are being modeled with a vertically inhomogeneous, multiple scattering model previously used to model Jupiter's South Equatorial Belt brightening event in 1989. In addition, the reflectivity of the disturbance as a function of the scattering angles is being obtained so as to model this feature's vertical structure in particular. A preliminary report of the modeling results will be presented.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst., Twenty-Fourth Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Part 2: G-M; p 833
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  • 5
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    Measurements of wind vectors, eddy momentum transports, and energy conversions in Jupiter's atmosphere from Voyager 1 images (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Voyager 1 narrow-angle images were used to obtain displacements of features down to 100 to 200 km in size over intervals of 10 hours. A global map of velocity vectors and longitudinally averaged zonal wind vectors as functions of the latitude, is presented and discussed
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Jan. 198
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  • 6
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    Flow fields within Jupiter's Great Red Spot and White Oval BC (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Voyager 1 high-resolution images of Jupiter's Great Red Spot (GRS) and White Oval BC are used to map flow fields within these two areas. The relative vorticity is computed as a function of semi-major axis length and position angle in a coordinate system consisting of concentric ellipses of equal eccentricity. Wind speeds of 110-120 m/s are observed near the outer edge of both features, and along their minor axes relative vorticity profiles reach a maximum of 0.00006/s. Maximum Rossby numbers of 0.36 are computed for flows within both features, and are found to be low, indicating geostrophic constraints on the flow. The difference in streamline curvature within the GRS and the Oval BC is found to compensate for the difference in planetary vorticity at the respective latitudes of the features. Finally, motions within the central region of the GRS are slower and more random than around the spot's outer portion.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Sept. 30
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  • 7
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    Interaction of eddies and mean zonal flow on Jupiter as inferred from Voyager 1 and 2 images (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Voyagers 1 and 2 narrow angle frames are used to obtain displacements of features at resolutions of 130 km over time intervals of 1 Jovian rotation. It is shown that the mean zonal velocity profile does not change by a measurable amount between Voyagers 1 and 2, which is consistent with previous observations. It is also shown that the curvature of the velocity profile vanes varies with latitudes in the range from -3 beta to +2 beta. The barotropic stability criterion is violated at 10 latitudes between + and - 60 deg, and the rate of conversion of eddy kinetic energy into zonal mean kinetic energy is in the range from 1.5 to 3.0 per sq Wm for a layer 2.5 bar deep. The rate of energy conversion is more than 10% of the total infrared heat flux for Jupiter, as compared to the earth where it is only 0.1% of the infrared, which suggests that the two planets possess fundamentally different thermomechanical energy cycles.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Sept. 30
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  • 8
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    A proposal for adopting a standard coordinate system for defining atmospheric nomenclature for the giant planets (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Although the albedo of specific belts and zones varies as a function of time, there is evidence that wind maxima may be fixed in latitude. Before considering a standard notation for wind jets, it is necessary to establish a coordinate system within which the nomenclature would be defined. Traditionally, the BAA has used planetographic latitudes; however, this system is based not only on an accurate determination of the polar diameter but also on the assumption that the equipotential surfaces can be represented by biaxial ellipsoids. The International Astronomical Union strives to adopt unambiguous nomenclature that will be universally acceptable. It is proposed that planetocentric coordinates be utilized and that a standardized value of the ratio of the polar diameter to the equatorial diameter be established for each planet to facilitate transformation into planetographic coordinates.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Inst. for Space Studies The Jovian Atmospheres; p 203
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  • 9
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    Seasonal north-south asymmetry in solar radiation at the top of Jupiter's atmosphere (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A selected set of planetocentric latitudes is used in calculations of the seasonal solar radiation pattern incident on top of the Jovian atmosphere, thereby demonstrating the combined effect of solar distance and declination. Attention is given to hemispheric asymmetries in the Jovian atmosphere's average zonal winds and cloud system morphologies. Marked hemispheric asymmetries are noted in the cloud morphology and in the magnitude and latitudinal position of eastward and westward maxima in the average zonal winds, suggesting seasonal forcing on the order of magnitude presently considered. Supporting observations by Voyagers 1 and 2 are cited.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Inst. for Space Studies The Jovian Atmospheres; p 32-33
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  • 10
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    Jovian cloud structure and velocity fields (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A global view of Jovian small-scale morphologies and zonal velocity profiles has been discussed previously. In the present paper, a regional comparison is made of the structures and velocity fields (meridional and zonal velocities) in the Jovian atmosphere as observed by Voyager I imaging system. The cloud structures discussed are fairly independent of the visual wavelength. The analysis shows that although both Jovian hemispheres exhibit similar patterns of diminishing and alternating eastward and westward jets as one progresses polewards, there is a pronounced asymmetry in the structural appearance of the two hemispheres.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 280; Aug. 30
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