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  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (24)
  • SPACE SCIENCES  (6)
  • 11
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    Galilean satellite geomorphology (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Research on this task consisted of the development and initial application of photometric and photoclinometric models using interactive computer image processing and graphics. New programs were developed to compute viewing and illumination angles for every picture element in a Voyager image using C-matrices and final Voyager ephemerides. These values were then used to transform each pixel to an illumination-oriented coordinate system. An iterative integration routine permits slope displacements to be computed from brightness variations, and correlated in the cross-sun direction, resulting in two dimensional topographic data. Figure 1 shows a 'wire-mesh' view of an impact crater on Ganymede, shown with a 10-fold vertical exaggeration. The crater, about 20 km in diameter, has a central mound and raised interior floor suggestive of viscous relaxation and rebound of the crater's topography. In addition to photoclinometry, the computer models that have been developed permit an examination on non-topographically-derived variations in surface brightness.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-CR-174574 , NAS 1.26:174574
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  • 12
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    Tectonics and evolution of Venus (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Earlier data synthesized with data recently obtained by the Pioneer Venus Orbiter are analyzed with regard to general tectonics, interior, and long-term evolution of Venus. Comprehensive topographic maps, global properties of Venus, and variations in its gravity field are investigated, and bulk properties of Venus, earth, Mars, the sun, and chondritic meteorites relevant to planetary internal structure and evolution are studied. Although Venus was found to differ less than 30% from earth in comparing all important bulk properties, it appears to have evolved differently. It is noted that a slow rotation rate, the absence of a satellite, the virtual absence of a magnetic field, the dearth of water in the atmosphere, the abundance of primordial argon, and the high surface temperature, are properties in which Venus differs most from the earth. Further results showing the positive correlation of gravity and topography at all wavelengths and the apparent absence of any feature like an ocean indicate that Venus is a one-plate planet and its evolution apparently resembles that of Mars more than that of the earth.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 212; May 22
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  • 13
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    Ganymede - A relationship between thermal history and crater statistics (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An approach for factoring the effects of a planetary thermal history into a predicted set of crater statistics for an icy satellite is developed and forms the basis for subsequent data inversion studies. The key parameter is a thermal evolution-dependent critical time for which craters of a particular size forming earlier do not contribute to present-day statistics. An example is given for the satellite Ganymede and the effect of the thermal history is easily seen in the resulting predicted crater statistics. A preliminary comparison with the data, subject to the uncertainties in ice rheology and impact flux history, suggests a surface age of 3.8 x 10 to the 9th years and a radionuclide abundance of 0.3 times the chondritic value.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 210; Oct. 10
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  • 14
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    Surface of Venus - Evidence of diverse landforms from radar observations (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Radar images seem to indicate that some regions of Venus have remained little altered since a period of intense bombardment similar to that recorded by the many large impact craters on the moon. On the other hand, there is evidence in other regions that Venus has been a geologically active planet, forming diverse landforms, and perhaps rivaling the earth in the breadth of features portrayed on its surface
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 196; May 27
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  • 15
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    Mariner 9 observations of the surface of Mars in the north polar region. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: During the Mariner 9 extended mission the recession of the north polar ice caps was monitored for 130 days. The edge of the cap displayed a peculiar polygonal outline during most of this period. Regional topographic control is suggested as the most likely cause of the polygonality. Whereas densely cratered terrain dominates the south polar region, moderately cratered plains underlie the polar deposits in the north polar region. The mottled cratered plains have been mantled by light deposits located in annular rings south of 70 N. The erosional boundaries between these deposits and the subjacent cratered plains are gradational, show no local topographic relief, and display a spiral serrated circumpolar pattern suggesting eolian erosion. Smooth plains and 'etch-pitted' plains underlie the central polar layered deposits in both polar regions. In addition, these plains have one other morphological variant in the north. Here they display a pattern of very coherent ripple-like waveforms varying in wavelength from several hundred meters to a few kilometers.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; July 10
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  • 16
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    Some comparisons of impact craters on Mercury and the moon (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Although the general morphologies of fresh mercurian and lunar craters are remarkably similar, comparisons of ejecta deposits, interior structures, and changes in morphology with size reveal important differences between the two populations of craters. The differences are attributable to the different gravity fields in which the craters were formed and have significant implications for the interpretation of cratering processes and their effects on all planetary bodies.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; June 10
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  • 17
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    Geologic interpretation of new observations of the surface of Venus (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: New radar observations of the surface of Venus provide further evidence of a diverse and complex geologic evolution. The radar bright feature 'Beta' (24 deg N, 85 deg W) is seen to be a 700 km diameter region elevated a maximum of approximately 10 km relative to its surroundings with a 60 x 90 km wide depression at its summit. 'Beta' is interpreted to be a large volcanic construct, analogous to terrestrial and Martian shield volcanoes. Two large, quasi-circular areas of low reflectivity, examples of a class of features interpreted to be impact basins by previous investigators who were without the benefit of actual topographic information, are shown in altimetry maps to be depressions. Thus the term 'basin' can be applied, although we urge a non-genetic usage until more complete understanding of their origin is achieved through analysis of future observations.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 4; Nov. 197
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  • 18
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    Climatic variations on Mars. II - Evolution of carbon dioxide atmosphere and polar caps (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The long-term variations in the atmospheric pressure and the polar cap temperature of Mars resulting from the obliquity oscillations are discussed. In performing these calculations, the assumption is made that the atmosphere is in equilibrium with perennial CO2 ice deposits at the north pole, as is proposed by Leighton and Murray (1966). If heat transport by the atmosphere is neglected, the temperature of CO2 ice at the poles ranges from about 130 K to about 160 K, the corresponding atmospheric pressure rising from a few tenths of a millibar to about 30 mbar, respectively. The neglect of atmospheric heat transport probably underestimates the peak pressure. Because the altitude of the south cap is about 2 km higher than that of the north cap, CO2 ice is unstable there and will migrate to the north cap at a rate of about 10 g/sq cm yr, the implication being that the south residual cap is water ice. A simplified model of the annual polar caps and pressure fluctuations is also presented.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
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  • 19
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    Report of the Terrestrial Bodies Science Working Group. Volume 3: Venus (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The science objectives of Pioneer Venus and future investigations of the planet are discussed. Concepts and payloads for proposed missions and the supporting research and technology required to obtain the desired measurements from space and Earth-based observations are examined, as well as mission priorities and schedules.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-CR-155187 , JPL-PUB-77-51-VOL-3
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  • 20
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    Age of Martian channels (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The ages of large Martian channels have been studied by determining the relative abundances of craters superimposed on channels and adjacent terrains and by examining superposition relationships between channels and plains and mantle materials. The channels are extremely old, are spatially confined and temporally related to the ancient cratered terrain, and in many cases are related to the as yet poorly understood genetic processes of fretting and chaos formation. No evidence is found for recent channel activity.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Sept. 10
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