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  • Geophysics  (3)
  • sun evolution  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A note on strong mass loss from early sun and warm and wet Mars (1996)
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 73 (1996), S. 187-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Mars ; planetary evolution ; sun evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Recently, the possibility of strong mass loss from an early sun has been proposed in connection with the lithium depletion problem along with early solar system problems. However, the time scale for this enhanced mass loss is uncertain. Using an empirical relation for the dependence of the Martian surface temperature on solar luminosity and surface pressure, we find that the mass loss time scale for a 1.1 M⊙ sun should be about 1 × 109 years or longer if Mars had liquid water on its surface 3.8 billion years ago. The minimum surface pressure on early Mars should be about 5 bars of CO2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00114151
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 2
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    On the Tropospheric Measurements of Ozone by the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II (SAGE II, version 6.1) in the Tropics (2002)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-18
    Description: Tropospheric measurements of ozone from SAGE II (version 6.1) in the tropics have been analyzed using 12 years of data (1985-1990, 1994-1999). The seasonally averaged vertical profiles of the ozone mixing ratio in the upper troposphere have been presented for the first time from satellite measurements. These profiles show qualitative similarities with corresponding seasonal mean ozonesonde profiles at northern and southern tropical stations and are about 40-50% less than the sonde values. Despite this systematic offset, the measurements appear to be consistent with a zonal wave one pattern in the upper tropospheric column ozone and with the recently predicted summertime ozone enhancement over the Middle East. These results thus affirm the usefulness of the occultation method in studying tropospheric ozone.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: SAGE II Ozone Analysis; G35-610
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    CALIOP and AERONET Aerosol Optical Depth Comparisons: One Size Fits None (2013)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: We compare the aerosol optical depths (AOD) retrieved from backscatter measurements of the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) aboard the Cloud Aerosol Lidar Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) satellite with coincident Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) measurements. Overpass coincidence criteria of +/- 2 h and within a 40 km radius are satisfied at least once at 149 globally distributed AERONET sites from 2006 to 2010. Most data pairs (〉80%) use AERONET measurements acquired +/- 30 min of the overpass. We examine the differences in AOD estimates between CALIOP and AERONET for various aerosol, environmental, and geographic conditions. Results show CALIOP AOD are lower than AERONET AOD especially at low optical depths as measured by AERONET (500 nm AOD〈0.1). Furthermore, the median relative AOD difference between the two measurements is 25% of the AERONET AOD for AOD〉0.1. Differences in AOD between CALIOP and AERONET are possibly due to cloud contamination, scene inhomogeneity, instrument view angle differences, CALIOP retrieval errors, and detection limits. Comparison of daytime to nighttime number of 5 km 60m (60m in the vertical) features detected by CALIOP show that there are 20% more aerosol features at night. We find that CALIPSO and AERONET do not agree on the cloudiness of scenes. Of the scenes that meet the above coincidence criteria, CALIPSO finds clouds in more than 45% of the coincident atmospheric columns AERONET classifies as clear.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: NF1676L-14895 , Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres ; 118; 4748-4766
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    CALIPSO Detection of an Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer (2011)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The first four years of the CALIPSO lidar measurements have revealed the existence of an aerosol layer at the tropopause level associated with the Asian monsoon season in June, July and August. This Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer (ATAL) extends geographically from Eastern Mediterranean (down to North Africa) to Western China (down to Thailand), and vertically from 13 to 18 km. The Scattering Ratio inferred from CALIPSO shows values between 1.10. 1.15 on average with associated depolarization ratio of less than 5%. The Gaussian distribution of the points indicates that the mean value is statistically driven by an enhancement of the background aerosol level and not by episodic events such as a volcanic eruption or cloud contamination. Further satellite observations of aerosols and gases as well as field campaigns are urgently needed to characterize this layer, which is likely to be a significant source of non-volcanic aerosols for the global upper troposphere with a potential impact on its radiative and chemical balance
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: NF1676L-12804 , Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 38; 1-6
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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