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  • 1
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    The genome of the African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-07-16
    Description: African trypanosomes cause human sleeping sickness and livestock trypanosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa. We present the sequence and analysis of the 11 megabase-sized chromosomes of Trypanosoma brucei. The 26-megabase genome contains 9068 predicted genes, including approximately 900 pseudogenes and approximately 1700 T. brucei-specific genes. Large subtelomeric arrays contain an archive of 806 variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) genes used by the parasite to evade the mammalian immune system. Most VSG genes are pseudogenes, which may be used to generate expressed mosaic genes by ectopic recombination. Comparisons of the cytoskeleton and endocytic trafficking systems with those of humans and other eukaryotic organisms reveal major differences. A comparison of metabolic pathways encoded by the genomes of T. brucei, T. cruzi, and Leishmania major reveals the least overall metabolic capability in T. brucei and the greatest in L. major. Horizontal transfer of genes of bacterial origin has contributed to some of the metabolic differences in these parasites, and a number of novel potential drug targets have been identified.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Berriman, Matthew -- Ghedin, Elodie -- Hertz-Fowler, Christiane -- Blandin, Gaelle -- Renauld, Hubert -- Bartholomeu, Daniella C -- Lennard, Nicola J -- Caler, Elisabet -- Hamlin, Nancy E -- Haas, Brian -- Bohme, Ulrike -- Hannick, Linda -- Aslett, Martin A -- Shallom, Joshua -- Marcello, Lucio -- Hou, Lihua -- Wickstead, Bill -- Alsmark, U Cecilia M -- Arrowsmith, Claire -- Atkin, Rebecca J -- Barron, Andrew J -- Bringaud, Frederic -- Brooks, Karen -- Carrington, Mark -- Cherevach, Inna -- Chillingworth, Tracey-Jane -- Churcher, Carol -- Clark, Louise N -- Corton, Craig H -- Cronin, Ann -- Davies, Rob M -- Doggett, Jonathon -- Djikeng, Appolinaire -- Feldblyum, Tamara -- Field, Mark C -- Fraser, Audrey -- Goodhead, Ian -- Hance, Zahra -- Harper, David -- Harris, Barbara R -- Hauser, Heidi -- Hostetler, Jessica -- Ivens, Al -- Jagels, Kay -- Johnson, David -- Johnson, Justin -- Jones, Kristine -- Kerhornou, Arnaud X -- Koo, Hean -- Larke, Natasha -- Landfear, Scott -- Larkin, Christopher -- Leech, Vanessa -- Line, Alexandra -- Lord, Angela -- Macleod, Annette -- Mooney, Paul J -- Moule, Sharon -- Martin, David M A -- Morgan, Gareth W -- Mungall, Karen -- Norbertczak, Halina -- Ormond, Doug -- Pai, Grace -- Peacock, Chris S -- Peterson, Jeremy -- Quail, Michael A -- Rabbinowitsch, Ester -- Rajandream, Marie-Adele -- Reitter, Chris -- Salzberg, Steven L -- Sanders, Mandy -- Schobel, Seth -- Sharp, Sarah -- Simmonds, Mark -- Simpson, Anjana J -- Tallon, Luke -- Turner, C Michael R -- Tait, Andrew -- Tivey, Adrian R -- Van Aken, Susan -- Walker, Danielle -- Wanless, David -- Wang, Shiliang -- White, Brian -- White, Owen -- Whitehead, Sally -- Woodward, John -- Wortman, Jennifer -- Adams, Mark D -- Embley, T Martin -- Gull, Keith -- Ullu, Elisabetta -- Barry, J David -- Fairlamb, Alan H -- Opperdoes, Fred -- Barrell, Barclay G -- Donelson, John E -- Hall, Neil -- Fraser, Claire M -- Melville, Sara E -- El-Sayed, Najib M -- AI43062/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI043062/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI043062/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jul 15;309(5733):416-22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK. mb4@sanger.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16020726" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acids/metabolism ; Animals ; Antigenic Variation ; Antigens, Protozoan/chemistry/genetics/immunology ; Carbohydrate Metabolism ; Chromosomes/genetics ; Cytoskeleton/chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Ergosterol/biosynthesis ; Genes, Protozoan ; *Genome, Protozoan ; Glutathione/*analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Glycosylphosphatidylinositols/biosynthesis ; Humans ; Lipid Metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Transport ; Protozoan Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Pseudogenes ; Purines/metabolism ; Pyrimidines/biosynthesis ; Recombination, Genetic ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Spermidine/*analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Trypanosoma brucei brucei/chemistry/*genetics/immunology/metabolism ; Trypanosomiasis, African/parasitology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Template-Directed Synthesis of a Rotacatenane (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1999 (1999), S. 1295-1302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Catenanes ; Mechanically interlocked molecules ; Molecular recognition ; Rotaxanes ; Template-directed synthesis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -A [2]catenane, able to bind π-electron-rich guests inside the cavity of one of its two macrocyclic components has been designed and synthesized using supramolecular assistance. This recognition motif has been exploited to template the formation of a so-called rotacatenane - i.e., a molecule composed of a dumbbell-shaped component threaded through the cavity of one of the two mechanically interlocked macrocyclic components of a [2]catenane. The structure of this [2]catenane, as well as that of a model [2]catenane, have been characterized unequivocally by single-crystal X-ray analyses. Furthermore, some of the co-conformational changes associated with these mechanically interlocked molecules in solution have been probed by variable-temperature 1H-NMR spectroscopy.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pseudorotaxanes formed between secondary dialkylammonium salts and crown ethers“Molecular Meccano”, Part 6: for Part 5, see ref. [45e]. (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 2 (1996), S. 709-728 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: crown ethers ; dialkylammonium salts ; hydrogen bonding ; molecular recognition ; pseudorotaxanes ; self-assembly ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A very simple self-assembling system, which produces inclusion complexes with pseudorotaxane geometries, is described. The self-assembly of eight pseudorotaxanes with a range of stoichiometries-1:1, 1:2, 2:1, and 2:2 (host:guest)-has been achieved. These pseudorotaxanes self-assemble from readily available components-well-known crown ethers, such as dibenzo[24]crown-8 and bis-p-phenylene[34]crown-10, and secondary dialkylammonium hexafluorophosphate salts, such as (PhCH2)2NH+2PF-6 and (nBu)2NH+2PF-6-and have been characterized not only in the solid state, but also in solution and in the “gas phase”. The pseudorotaxanes are stabilized largely by hydrogen-bonding interactions and, in some instances, by aryl-aryl interactions.
    Additional Material: 40 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.1460020614
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bis[2]catenanes and a bis[2]rotaxane-Model Compounds for Polymers with Mechanically Interlocked Components“Molecular Meccano”, Part 5: for Part 4, see P. R. Ashton, R. Ballardini, V. Balzani, A. Credi, M. T. Gandolfi, S. Menzer, L. Pérez-Garcia, L. Prodi, J. F. Stoddart, M. Venturi, A. J. P. White, D. J. Williams, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 995, 117, 11171-11197. (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 2 (1996), S. 31-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: catenanes ; polycatenanes ; polyrotaxanes ; rotaxanes ; self-assembly ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The self-assembly of three bis[2]catenanes and a bis[2]rotaxane, by two complementary strategies, is reported. A synthetic route to derivatives of bis-para-phenylene[34]crown-10 (BPP34C10) and 1,5-naphtho-para-phenylene[36]-crown-10 (1/5NPP36C10) containing a fused five-membered ring with a secondary amine function is described. These intermediate N-allylimido macrocyclic polyethers undergo template-directed reactions with 1,1′-[1,4-phenylenebis-(methylene)]bis-4,4′-bipyridinium bis-(hexafluorophosphate) and 1,4-bis(bromo-methyl)benzene to produce [2]catenanes containing an N-allyl functionality. The N-allylimido macrocyclic polyethers have also been reduced and deprotected to afford macrocycles possessing a free NH group, which are then linked through a 4,4′-biphenyldicarbonyl spacer to produce bis(crown ether)s, in which each crown ether moiety has two recognition sites. These ditopic BPP34C10 and 1/5NPP36C10 derivatives are capable of sustaining self-assembly reactions at both recognition sites to yield bis[2]catenanes. The self-assembly of a complementary bis[2]catenane, in which two tetracationic cyclophanes are linked together with a flexible hexyl chain, has also been achieved by treating 1,1′-[1,4-phenylenebis(methylene)]bis-4,4′-bipyridinium bis-(hexafluorophosphate) with a compound containing two linked 1,4-bis(bromomethyl)benzene units in the presence of BPP34C10. Replacing BPP34C10 with a dumbbell-shaped compound containing a linear polyether unit intercepted by a naphthalene residue and terminated by two bulky adamantoyl groups has led to the self-assembly of a bis[2]rotaxane. The X-ray crystal structures of one of the catenanes and its associated crown ether component are reported, together with solution state dynamic 1H NMR spectroscopic studies, showing that there is substantial degree of order characterizing the molecular structure of the catenanes.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.19960020109
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Template-Directed Syntheses, Spectroscopic Properties, and Electrochemical Behavior of [n]Catenanes (2000)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1121-1130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Catenanes ; Cyclophanes ; Electrochemistry ; Electronic spectroscopy ; Template-directed synthesis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -Catenanes composed of two, three, five, or seven interlocked macrocycles have been synthesized in yields ranging from 1 to 30%. Their template-directed syntheses rely on a series of cooperative noncovalent bonding interactions between π-electron rich 1,5-dioxynaphthalene ring systems and π-electron deficient bipyridinium units which are incorporated within the macrocyclic components. The interlocked structure associated with one of the [3]catenanes was demonstrated unequivocally by single crystal X-ray analysis which also revealed the formation of polar stacks stabilized by intermolecular [π···π] interactions. The number of interlocked components of each catenane was determined by liquid secondary ion, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time-of-flight, and/or electrospray mass spectrometries. The absorption spectra, emission spectra, and electrochemical properties of the macrocyclic components and of the catenanes have been investigated. Two kinds of charge-transfer absorption bands (intramolecular in the cyclophanes containing electron-donor and electron-acceptor units, intercomponent in the catenanes) have been found. Such charge-transfer excited states are responsible for the quenching of the potentially fluorescence units of the cyclophanes, and of the crown ethers in the catenanes. Charge-transfer electronic interactions are also evidenced by the electrochemical behavior. Correlations among the redox potentials of the various compounds are reported and discussed.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ci Symmetric and Non-Centrosymmetric Crystalline Complexes of [60]Fullerene with Octakis(dimethylamino)porphyrazinato-Copper(II) and -Nickel(II) (2000)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 2000 (2000), S. 593-596 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Porphyrazines ; Fullerenes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: X-ray structural analysis of octakis(dimethylamino)porphyrazinato-metallo(II)·[60]fullerene complexes (M = Cu2+ and Ni2+) surprisingly revealed two totally different supramolecular structures, the first exhibiting a Ci symmetric sandwich complex of two slightly dished porphyrazine units enclosing one fullerene sphere, the other featuring a noncentrosymmetric 1:1 complex with a strongly warped porphyrazine unit.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of the First Lanthanoid(II) Pyrazolate Complex by Redox Transmetallation from Thallium and Mercury Reagents (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 543-545 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Lanthanoid(II) complexes ; Ytterbium ; Thallium ; η2-Pyrazolate complexes ; Diphenylmercury ; Redox transmetallation ; X-ray crystal structure ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ytterbium metal reacts with thallium(I) 3,5-diphenylpyrazolate, or with diphenylmercury and 3,5-diphenylpyrazole (Ph2pzH) in tetrahydrofuran or 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) giving, after appropriate isolation, the first lanthanoid(II) pyrazolate complex, [Yb(Ph2pz)2(DME)2]. The molecular structure reveals eight coordinate ytterbium(II) with two cisoid η2-3,5-diphenylpyrazolate and two chelating 1,2-dimethoxyethane ligands.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and Structures of cisoidand transoidBis(1,2-dimethoxyethane)bis(η2-pyrazolato)lanthanoid(II) Complexes (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1999 (1999), S. 751-761 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Lanthanide(II) complexes ; Ytterbium ; Europium ; Samarium ; Redox transmetallation ; Thallium ; Diphenylmercury ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The complexes [Yb(bind)2(DME)2], [Yb(MePhpz)2(DME)2], [Yb(azin)2(DME)2], and [Eu(Ph2pz)2(DME)2] (bindH = 4,5-dihydro-2H-benz[g]indazole; MePhpzH = 3-methyl-5-phenylpyrazole; azinH = 7-azaindole; Ph2pzH = 3,5-diphenylpyrazole; DME = 1,2-dimethoxyethane) have been prepared by redox transmetallation between ytterbium or europium metal and the corresponding thallium(I) pyrazolate in tetrahydrofuran (THF) in the presence of mercury metal, followed by work up with DME. The thallium reagents were obtained by treatment of the appropriate pyrazole with thallium(I) ethoxide. Both [Yb(Ph2pz)2(DME)2] and [Sm(Ph2pz)2(DME)2] have been prepared by metathesis from LnI2(THF)2 and K(Ph2pz) in THF, whilst the former has also been obtained by redox transmetallation from [Hg(Ph2pz)2] and ytterbium metal and by reaction of 3,5-diphenylpyrazole with Yb(C6F5)2, and the latter from protolysis of [Sm{N(SiMe3)2}2(THF)2] with Ph2pzH, followed in each case by crystallisation of the crude product from DME. Europium(II) 3,5-di-tert-butylpyrazolate was synthesised by a redox transmetallation/ligand exchange reaction between europium metal chunks, diphenylmercury(II), and 3,5-di-tert-butylpyrazole (tBu2pzH) in the presence of mercury metal in THF, and [Eu(tBu2pz)2(DME)2] was isolated on crystallisation of the crude product from DME. The X-ray crystal structures of [Ln(L)2(DME)2] (Ln =Yb, L = bind or azin; Ln = Eu or Sm, L = Ph2pz; Ln = Eu, L = tBu2pz), each of a different crystallographic form, reveal eight-coordinate lanthanoid complexes with two η2-pyrazolate and two chelating DME ligands, but the structures differ in the relationship (cisoid or transoid) between the pyrazolate ligands. Thus cen-Ln-cen (cen = centre of the N-N bond) angles of 106.7° [Yb(bind)2(DME)2] (3a), 141.4° [Yb(azin)2(DME)2] (3c), 142.2° [Eu(Ph2pz)2(DME)2] (4a), 107.4° [Eu(tBu2pz)2(DME)2] (4b), and 102.1° [Sm(Ph2pz)2(DME)2] (5) are observed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cyclobis(paraquat-4,4′-biphenylene)-an organic molecular square(Molecular Meccano), Part 8: for Part 7, see P. R. Ashton, P. T. Glink, J. F. Stoddart, P. A. Tasker, A. J. P. White, D. J. Williams, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 729-736. (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 2 (1996), S. 877-893 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: catenanes ; second-sphere coordination ; self-assembly ; template syntheses ; topological stereoisomerism ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Template-directed syntheses of cyclobis(paraquat-4,4′-biphenylene) (1)- a Molecular square-have been achieved by use of π-electron-rich macrocyclic hydroquinone-based and acyclic ferrocene-based templates. In particular, the use of a polyether-disubstituted ferrocene derivative as a template permits synthesis of 1 (which is accessible only in very low yields without templates) on a preparative scale. Furthermore, the use of a macrocyclic hydroquinone-based polyether template in corporating an ester function in one polyether chain-an (oriented) macrocycle-affords a 1 : 1 mixture of two topologically stereoisomeric [3]catenanes. Ester hydrolysis of the π-electron-rich macrocyclic components mechanically interlocked with 1 within the catenated structures releases the tetracationic cyclophane in quantitative yield as a result of the degradation of the [3]catenanes. The molecular square has been characterized by X-ray crystallography, FAB mass spectrometry, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopies, and elemental analysis. The binding properties of 1 and of the smaller cyclophane cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) toward a series of π-electronrich guests have also been investigated with the above techniques and UV/VIS spectroscopy. The self-assembly of the resulting supramolecular complexes in solution and in the solid state is driven mainly by π-π stacking interactions and hydrogen-bonding interactions, as well as by edge-to-face T-type interactions. In particular, the complexation of ferrocene or a ferrocene-based derivative within the cavity of 1 suggests the possibility of constructing functioning ferrocene-based molecular and supramolecular devices that can be controlled electrochemically in the form of catenanes, rotaxanes, and pseudorotaxanes.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.1460020718
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Linear, Divergent Molecular Receptors - Subtle Effects of Transition Metal Coordination Geometry (2000)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 2000 (2000), S. 823-826 
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    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Thiacalixarene ; Trimetallic sandwich ; Cobalt ; Zinc ; Divergent receptors ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reaction between deprotonated p-tert-butyltetrathiacalix[4]arene and CoII or ZnII under strictly defined conditions leads to the formation of sandwich species in which a trimetallic unit is held between two opposed, divergently oriented, staggered O- and S-bound calixarene ligands in the cone conformation. Despite the isomorphous nature of the crystalline compounds, there is a subtle difference in the coordination of CoII and ZnII, presumably related to the differences in metal radius and electron configuration combined with structural restrictions imposed by the calixarene framework, in that whereas all three Co atoms may be considered six-coordinate (and approximately octahedral), only two of the Zn atoms appear so, the third being five-coordinate and more nearly trigonal bipyramidal in its coordination geometry.
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