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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Forest fragmentation as an economic indicator (2000)
    Springer
    Landscape ecology 15 (2000), S. 171-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: economic geography ; geographic information systems (GIS) ; land-cover change ; land use modeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Despite concern over the ecological consequences of conversion of land from natural cover to anthropogenic uses, there are few studies that show a quantitative relationship between fragmentation and economic factors. For the southside economic region of Virginia, we generated a surface (map) of urbanization pressure by interpolation of population from a ring of cities surrounding the region. The interpolated map showed a geographic gradient of urbanization pressure or demand for land that increased from northwest to southeast. Estimates of forest fragmentation were moderately correlated with the geographic gradient of urbanization pressure. The fragmentation-urbanization relationship was corroborated by examining land-cover change against the urbanization map. The geographic gradient in land-cover change was strongly correlated with the urbanization pressure gradient. The correspondence between geographic gradients in land-cover change and urbanization pressure suggests that forest fragmentation will occur at a greater rate in the eastern portion of the southside economic region in the future.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008133426199
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A geography of ecosystem vulnerability (2000)
    Springer
    Landscape ecology 15 (2000), S. 495-504 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: GIS ; land-cover change ; population modeling ; roads
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Land-cover change and the subsequent potential loss of natural resources due to conversion to anthropogenic use is regarded as one of the more pervasive environmental threats. Population and road data were used to generate interpolated surfaces of land demand across a large region, the mid-Atlantic states of Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia. The land demand surfaces were evaluated against land-cover change, as estimated using temporal decline in Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). In general, the interpolated surfaces exhibited a plateau along the eastern seaboard that sank to a valley in the center of the study area, and then rose again to a plateau in the west that was of overall lower height than the plateau on the eastern seaboard. The spatial pattern of land-cover change showed the same general pattern as the interpolated surfaces of land demand. Correlations were significant regardless of variations used to generate the interpolated surfaces. The results suggest that human activity is the principal agent of land-cover change at regional scales in this region, and that natural resources that change as land cover changes (e.g., water, habitat) are exposed to a gradient of vulnerability that increases from west to east.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008176120891
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mapping and analyzing landscape patterns (1994)
    Springer
    Landscape ecology 9 (1994), S. 7-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: landscape pattern ; land cover ; classification ; GIS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Landscapes were mapped as clusters of 2 or 3 land cover** types, based on their pattern within the clusters and tendency for a single type to dominate. These landscapes, called Landscape Pattern Types (LPTs), were combined with other earth surface feature data in a Geographic Information System (GIS) to test their utility as analysis units. Road segment density increased significantly as residential and urbanized land cover components increased from absent, to present as patch, to present as matrix (i.e., the dominant land cover type). Stream segment density was significantly lower in LPTs with an urbanized or residential matrix than in LPTs with either a forest or agriculture matrix, suggesting an inverse relationship between stream network density and the prevalence of human development other than agriculture in the landscape. The ratio of average forest patch size to total forest in the LPT unit decreased as agriculture replaced forest, then increased as residential and urban components dominated. Wetland fractal dimension increased as agriculture and residential land cover components of LPTs increased. Comparison of LPT and LUDA land cover area statistics in ecoregions suggested that land cover data alone does not provide information as to its spatial arrangement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00135075
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A note on contagion indices for landscape analysis (1996)
    Springer
    Landscape ecology 11 (1996), S. 197-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: Spatial pattern ; image texture ; information index ; computation ; statistics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The landscape contagion index measures the degree of clumping of attributes on raster maps. The index is computed from the frequencies by which different pairs of attributes occur as adjacent pixels on a map. Because there are subtle differences in the way the attribute adjacencies may be tabulated, the standard index formula may not always apply, and published index values may not be comparable. This paper derives formulas for the contagion index that apply for different ways of tabulating attribute adjacencies — with and without preserving the order of pixels in pairs, and by using two different ways of determining pixel adjacency. When the order of pixels in pairs is preserved, the standard formula is obtained. When the order is not preserved, a new formula is obtained because the number of possible attribute adjacency states is smaller. Estimated contagion is also smaller when each pixel pair is counted twice (instead of once) because double-counting pixel adjacencies makes the attribute adjacency matrix symmetric across the main diagonal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02071810
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transitions in forest fragmentation: implications for restoration opportunities at regional scales (1999)
    Springer
    Landscape ecology 14 (1999), S. 137-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: GIS ; hierarchy ; land-cover ; percolation theory ; scale ; threshold
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Where the potential natural vegetation is continuous forest (e.g., eastern US), a region can be divided into smaller units (e.g., counties, watersheds), and a graph of the proportion of forest in the largest patch versus the proportion in anthropogenic cover can be used as an index of forest fragmentation. If forests are not fragmented beyond that converted to anthropogenic cover, there would be only one patch in the unit and its proportional size would equal 1 minus the percentage of anthropogenic cover. For a set of 130 watersheds in the mid-Atlantic region, there was a transition in forest fragmentation between 15 and 20% anthropogenic cover. The potential for mitigating fragmentation by connecting two or more disjunct forest patches was low when percent anthropogenic cover was low, highest at moderate proportions of anthropogenic cover, and again low as the proportion of anthropogenic cover increased toward 100%. This fragmentation index could be used to prioritize locations for restoration by targeting watersheds where there would be the greatest increase in the size of the largest forest patch.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008026129712
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluating Change in Rangeland Condition using Multitemporal AVHRR Data and Geographic Information System Analysis (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 59 (1999), S. 211-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: GIS ; multitemporal analysis ; NDVI ; rangelandcondition ; remote sensing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Coarse-scale, multitemporal satellite image data were evaluated as a tool for detecting variation in vegetation productivity, as a potential indicator of change in rangeland condition in the western U.S. The conterminous U.S. Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) biweekly composite data set was employed using the six-year time series 1989–1994. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) image bands for the state of New Mexico were imported into a Geographic Information System (GIS) for analysis with other spatial data sets. Averaged NDVI was calculated for each year, and a series of regression analyses were performed using one year as the baseline. Residuals from the regression line indicated 14 significant areas of NDVI change: two with lower NDVI, and 11 with higher NDVI. Rangeland management changes, cross-country military training activities, and increases in irrigated cropland were among the identified causes of change.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006126622200
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