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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    UTILIZATION OF LANDSCAPE INDICATORS TO MODEL POTENTIAL PATHOGEN IMPAIRED WATERS (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 37 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Many water bodies within the United States are contaminated by non-point source (NPS) pollution, which is defined as those materials posing a threat to water quality arising from a number of individual sources and diffused through hydrologic processes. One such NPS pollutant that is of critical concern are pathogens derived from animal wastes, including humans. The potential presence of pathogens is identified by testing the water for fecal coliform, a bacteria also associated with animal wastes. Water contaminated by animal wastes are most often associated with urban and agricultural areas, thus it is postulated that by utilizing land cover indicators, those water bodies that may be at risk of fecal coliform contamination may be identified. This study utilizes land cover information derived from the Multi-Resolution Land Characterization (MRLC) project to analyze fecal coliform contamination in South Carolina. Also utilized are 14 digit hydro-logic unit code (HUC) watersheds of the state, a digital elevation model, and test point data stating whether fecal coliform levels exceeded State Water Quality Standards. Proportions of the various land covers are identified within the individual watersheds and then analyzed using a logistic regression. The results reveal that watersheds with large proportions of urban land cover and agriculture on steep slopes had a very high probability of being impaired.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb05513.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    LAND COVER AS A FRAMEWORK FOR ASSESSING RISK OF WATER POLLUTION (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 36 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A survey of numerous field studies shows that nitrogen and phosphorous export coefficients are significantly different across forest, agriculture, and urban land-cover types. We used simulations to estimate the land-cover composition at which there was a significant risk of nutrient loads representative of watersheds without forest cover. The results suggest that at between 20 percent and 30 percent nonforest cover, there is a 10 percent or greater chance of N or P nutrient loads being equivalent to the median values of predominantly agricultural or urban watersheds. The methods apply to environmental management for assessing the risk to increased nonpoint nutrient pollution. Interpretation of the risk measures are discussed relative to their application for a single watershed and across a region comprised of several watersheds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb05736.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Conceptual Framework for Selecting and Analyzing Stressor Data to Study Species Richness at Large Spatial Scales (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental management 21 (1997), S. 247 -257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: KEY WORDS: Anthropogenic impacts; Biodiversity; Environmental gradients; Geographic information systems; Hierarchy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002679900024
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transitions in forest fragmentation: implications for restoration opportunities at regional scales (1999)
    Springer
    Landscape ecology 14 (1999), S. 137-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: GIS ; hierarchy ; land-cover ; percolation theory ; scale ; threshold
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Where the potential natural vegetation is continuous forest (e.g., eastern US), a region can be divided into smaller units (e.g., counties, watersheds), and a graph of the proportion of forest in the largest patch versus the proportion in anthropogenic cover can be used as an index of forest fragmentation. If forests are not fragmented beyond that converted to anthropogenic cover, there would be only one patch in the unit and its proportional size would equal 1 minus the percentage of anthropogenic cover. For a set of 130 watersheds in the mid-Atlantic region, there was a transition in forest fragmentation between 15 and 20% anthropogenic cover. The potential for mitigating fragmentation by connecting two or more disjunct forest patches was low when percent anthropogenic cover was low, highest at moderate proportions of anthropogenic cover, and again low as the proportion of anthropogenic cover increased toward 100%. This fragmentation index could be used to prioritize locations for restoration by targeting watersheds where there would be the greatest increase in the size of the largest forest patch.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008026129712
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Forest fragmentation as an economic indicator (2000)
    Springer
    Landscape ecology 15 (2000), S. 171-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: economic geography ; geographic information systems (GIS) ; land-cover change ; land use modeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Despite concern over the ecological consequences of conversion of land from natural cover to anthropogenic uses, there are few studies that show a quantitative relationship between fragmentation and economic factors. For the southside economic region of Virginia, we generated a surface (map) of urbanization pressure by interpolation of population from a ring of cities surrounding the region. The interpolated map showed a geographic gradient of urbanization pressure or demand for land that increased from northwest to southeast. Estimates of forest fragmentation were moderately correlated with the geographic gradient of urbanization pressure. The fragmentation-urbanization relationship was corroborated by examining land-cover change against the urbanization map. The geographic gradient in land-cover change was strongly correlated with the urbanization pressure gradient. The correspondence between geographic gradients in land-cover change and urbanization pressure suggests that forest fragmentation will occur at a greater rate in the eastern portion of the southside economic region in the future.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008133426199
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A geography of ecosystem vulnerability (2000)
    Springer
    Landscape ecology 15 (2000), S. 495-504 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: GIS ; land-cover change ; population modeling ; roads
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Land-cover change and the subsequent potential loss of natural resources due to conversion to anthropogenic use is regarded as one of the more pervasive environmental threats. Population and road data were used to generate interpolated surfaces of land demand across a large region, the mid-Atlantic states of Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia. The land demand surfaces were evaluated against land-cover change, as estimated using temporal decline in Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). In general, the interpolated surfaces exhibited a plateau along the eastern seaboard that sank to a valley in the center of the study area, and then rose again to a plateau in the west that was of overall lower height than the plateau on the eastern seaboard. The spatial pattern of land-cover change showed the same general pattern as the interpolated surfaces of land demand. Correlations were significant regardless of variations used to generate the interpolated surfaces. The results suggest that human activity is the principal agent of land-cover change at regional scales in this region, and that natural resources that change as land cover changes (e.g., water, habitat) are exposed to a gradient of vulnerability that increases from west to east.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008176120891
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A note on contagion indices for landscape analysis (1996)
    Springer
    Landscape ecology 11 (1996), S. 197-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: Spatial pattern ; image texture ; information index ; computation ; statistics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The landscape contagion index measures the degree of clumping of attributes on raster maps. The index is computed from the frequencies by which different pairs of attributes occur as adjacent pixels on a map. Because there are subtle differences in the way the attribute adjacencies may be tabulated, the standard index formula may not always apply, and published index values may not be comparable. This paper derives formulas for the contagion index that apply for different ways of tabulating attribute adjacencies — with and without preserving the order of pixels in pairs, and by using two different ways of determining pixel adjacency. When the order of pixels in pairs is preserved, the standard formula is obtained. When the order is not preserved, a new formula is obtained because the number of possible attribute adjacency states is smaller. Estimated contagion is also smaller when each pixel pair is counted twice (instead of once) because double-counting pixel adjacencies makes the attribute adjacency matrix symmetric across the main diagonal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02071810
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mapping and analyzing landscape patterns (1994)
    Springer
    Landscape ecology 9 (1994), S. 7-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: landscape pattern ; land cover ; classification ; GIS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Landscapes were mapped as clusters of 2 or 3 land cover** types, based on their pattern within the clusters and tendency for a single type to dominate. These landscapes, called Landscape Pattern Types (LPTs), were combined with other earth surface feature data in a Geographic Information System (GIS) to test their utility as analysis units. Road segment density increased significantly as residential and urbanized land cover components increased from absent, to present as patch, to present as matrix (i.e., the dominant land cover type). Stream segment density was significantly lower in LPTs with an urbanized or residential matrix than in LPTs with either a forest or agriculture matrix, suggesting an inverse relationship between stream network density and the prevalence of human development other than agriculture in the landscape. The ratio of average forest patch size to total forest in the LPT unit decreased as agriculture replaced forest, then increased as residential and urban components dominated. Wetland fractal dimension increased as agriculture and residential land cover components of LPTs increased. Comparison of LPT and LUDA land cover area statistics in ecoregions suggested that land cover data alone does not provide information as to its spatial arrangement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00135075
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluating Change in Rangeland Condition using Multitemporal AVHRR Data and Geographic Information System Analysis (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 59 (1999), S. 211-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: GIS ; multitemporal analysis ; NDVI ; rangelandcondition ; remote sensing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Coarse-scale, multitemporal satellite image data were evaluated as a tool for detecting variation in vegetation productivity, as a potential indicator of change in rangeland condition in the western U.S. The conterminous U.S. Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) biweekly composite data set was employed using the six-year time series 1989–1994. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) image bands for the state of New Mexico were imported into a Geographic Information System (GIS) for analysis with other spatial data sets. Averaged NDVI was calculated for each year, and a series of regression analyses were performed using one year as the baseline. Residuals from the regression line indicated 14 significant areas of NDVI change: two with lower NDVI, and 11 with higher NDVI. Rangeland management changes, cross-country military training activities, and increases in irrigated cropland were among the identified causes of change.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006126622200
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Landscape Correlates of Breeding Bird Richness Across the United States Mid-Atlantic Region (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 63 (2000), S. 159-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Using a new set of landscape indicator data generated by the U.S.EPA, and a comprehensive breeding bird database from the National Breeding Bird Survey, we evaluated associations between breeding bird richness and landscape characteristics across the entire mid-Atlantic region of the United States. We evaluated how these relationships varied among different groupings (guilds) of birds based on functional, structural, and compositional aspects of individual species demographics. Forest edge was by far the most important landscape attribute affecting the richness of the lumped specialist and generalist guilds; specialist species richness was negatively associated with forest edge and generalist richness was positively associated with forest edge. Landscape variables (indicators) explained a greater proportion of specialist species richness than the generalist guild (46% and 31%, respectively). The lower value in generalists may reflect finer-scale distributions of open habitat that go undetected by the Landsat satellite, open habitats created by roads (the areas from which breeding bird data are obtained), and the lumping of a wide variety of species into the generalist category. A further breakdown of species into 16 guilds showed considerable variation in the response of breeding birds to landscape conditions; forest obligate species had the strongest association with landscape indicators measured in this study (55% of the total variation explained) and forest generalists and open ground nesters the lowest (17% of the total variation explained). The variable response of guild species richness to landscape pattern suggests that one must consider species' demographics when assessing the consequences of landscape change on breeding birds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006415029890
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