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  • 1
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    A technique for the correcting ERTS data for solar and atmospheric effects (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A technique is described by which an ERTS investigator can obtain absolute target reflectances by correcting spacecraft radiance measurements for variable target irradiance, atmospheric attenuation, and atmospheric backscatter. A simple measuring instrument and the necessary atmospheric measurements are discussed, and examples demonstrate the nature and magnitude of the atmospheric corrections.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: PAPER-I3 , NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Symp. on Significant Results obtained from the ERTS-1, Vol. 1, Sect. A and B; p 1115-1122
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
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    Fracture trends identified by ERTS-1 imagery in Utah and Nevada (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The author has identified the following significant results. Structures clearly traceable through bed rock are considered most reliable. Continuity, however, is frequently traceable through ranges and across adjoining sedimentary basins where changes in drainage, erosion pattern, soil color, or vegetation suggest that the basin sediments are extremely sensitive to underlying structures. Many large and continuous trends, too smeared by erosion to be visible on the ground or from aircraft photos, become quite evident at the scale of the ERTS-1 images. The study was made with little regard for surface geology. The trends have been retraced to separate and unidirectional sets. These are now being related to surface geology, geophysical studies, volcanic and intrusive centers, and areas of mineralization.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: E73-10701 , NASA-CR-133014
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 3
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    A technique for correcting ERTS data for solar and atmospheric effects (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The author has identified the following significant results. Based on processing ERTS CCTs and ground truth measurements collected on Michigan test site for January through June 1973 the following results are reported: (1) atmospheric transmittance varies from: 70 to 85% in band 4, 77 to 90% in band 5, 80 to 94% in band 6, and 84 to 97% in band 7 for one air mass; (2) a simple technique was established to determine atmospheric scattering seen by ERTS-1 from ground-based measurements of sky radiance. For March this scattering was found to be equivalent to that produced by a target having a reflectance of 11% in band 4, 5% in band 5, 3% in band 6, and 1% in band 7; (3) computer ability to classify targets under various atmospheric conditions was determined. Classification accuracy on some targets (i.e. bare soil, tended grass, etc.) hold up even under the most severe atmospheres encountered, while performance on other targets (trees, urban, rangeland, etc.) degrades rapidly when atmospheric conditions change by the smallest amount.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: E74-10489 , NASA-CR-136890
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 4
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    ERTS-1: Automated land-use mapping in lake watersheds (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The author has identified the following significant results. ERTS-1 computer compatible tapes were used as a basis to generate land use maps in lake watersheds in southeastern Michigan. These maps, generated on a repetitive basis, provide information essential to governmental agencies concerned with planning and control of lake eutrophication. The ERTS mapping products included geometrically current land use map overlays at 1:250,000 and 1:48,000 scale and area measurement printouts. The printouts provide, within the watershed boundaries and by land use category, a quantitative measure of the amount of land, in square kilometers and acres. This quantitative measure of land use in watersheds is essential to the development and application of deterministic models, which compute nutrient flows into lakes and establish lake eutrophication rates.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: E74-10374 , NASA-CR-137071
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 5
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    Investigation of techniques for correcting ERTS data for solar and atmospheric effects (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The author has identified the following significant results. A technique is described by which an ERTS investigator can obtain absolute target reflectances by correcting spacecraft radiance measurements for variable target irradiance, atmospheric attenuation, and atmospheric backscatter. A simple measuring instrument and the necessary atmospheric measurements are discussed, and examples demonstrate the nature and magnitude of the atmospheric corrections. Preliminary results indicate that the radiant power measuring instrument will provide one technique for calibrating ERTS-1 data. The March 27, 1973 mission was significant in the NASA C-130 aircraft and ERTS-1 simultaneously passed over the test sites where RPMI's were being deployed to measure solar and atmospheric parameters and site reflectance.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: E73-10458 , NASA-CR-131258
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  • 6
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    Automated strip-mine and reclamation mapping from ERTS (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Using computer processing techniques, it is possible to produce geometrically-corrected maps of the coal strip mines in East-Central Ohio by utilizing ERTS-1 CCTs. Several target categories can be drawn by a computer-controlled pen on film that will accurately overlay a base map of any scale selected by the operator. For each overlay, the computer can generate a table that shows the area of each target category in square kilometers, acres, or percent of total area.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: PAPER-E3 , NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d ERTS-1 Symp., Vol. 1, Sect. B; p 1519-1531
    Format: text
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  • 7
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    Monitoring coastal water properties and current circulation with ERTS-1 (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Imagery and digital tapes from nine successful ERTS-1 passes over Delaware Bay during different portions of the tidal cycle have been analyzed with special emphasis on turbidity, current circulation, waste disposal plumes and convergent boundaries between different water masses. ERTS-1 image radiance correlated well with Secchi depth and suspended sediment concentration. Circulation patterns observed by ERTS-1 during different parts of the tidal cycle, agreed well with predicted and measured currents throughout Delaware Bay. Convergent shear boundaries between different water masses were observed from ERTS-1. In several ERTS-1 frames, waste disposal plumes have been detected 36 miles off Delaware's Atlantic coast. The ERTS-1 results are being used to extend and verify hydrodynamic models of the bay, developed for predicting oil slick movement and estimating sediment transport.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: PAPER-M6 , NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d ERTS-1 Symp., Vol. 1, Sect. B; p 1387-1411
    Format: text
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  • 8
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    Inventories of Delaware's coastal vegetation and land-use utilizing digital processing of ERTS-1 imagery (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Digital analysis of ERTS-1 imagery was used in an attempt to map and inventory the significant ecological communities of Delaware's coastal zone. Eight vegetation and land use discrimination classes were selected: (1) phragmites communis (Giant Reed grass); (2) spartina alterniflora (Salt marsh cord grass); (3) spartina patens (Salt marsh hay); (4) shallow water and exposed mud; (5) deep water (2 meters); (6) forest; (7) agriculture; and (8) exposed sand and concrete. Canonical analysis showed that classification accuracy was quite good with spartina alterniflora, exposed sand-concrete, and forested land - all discriminated with between 94% and 100% accuracy. The shallow water-mud and deep water categories were classified with accuracies of 88% and 93% respectively. Phragmites communis showed a classification accuracy of 83% with all confusion occurring with spartina patens which may be due to use of mixed stands of these species as training sets. Discrimination of spartina patens was very poor (accuracy 52%).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: PAPER-W16 , NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d ERTS-1 Symp., Vol. 1, Sect. B; p 1243-1255
    Format: text
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  • 9
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    Automatic mapping of strip mine operations from spacecraft data (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The author has identified the following significant results. Computer techniques were applied to process ERTS tapes acquired over coal mining operations in southeastern Ohio on 21 August 1972 and 3 September 1973. ERTS products obtained included geometrically-correct map overlays, at scales from 1:24,000 to 1:250,000, showing stripped earth, partially reclaimed earth, water, and natural vegetation. Computer-generated tables listing the area covered by each land-water category in square kilometers were also produced. By comparing these mapping products, the study demonstrates the capability of ERTS to monitor changes in the extent of stripping and reclamation. NASA C-130 photography acquired on 7 September 1973 when compared with the ERTS products generated from the 3 September 1973 tape established the categorization accuracy to be better than 90%. It is estimated that the stripping and reclamation maps and data were produced from the ERTS CCTs at a tenth of the cost of conventional techniques.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: E74-10715 , NASA-CR-139547
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 10
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    Automated land-use mapping from spacecraft data (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The author has identified the following significant results. In response to the need for a faster, more economical means of producing land use maps, this study evaluated the suitability of using ERTS-1 computer compatible tape (CCT) data as a basis for automatic mapping. Significant findings are: (1) automatic classification accuracy greater than 90% is achieved on categories of deep and shallow water, tended grass, rangeland, extractive (bare earth), urban, forest land, and nonforested wet lands; (2) computer-generated printouts by target class provide a quantitative measure of land use; and (3) the generation of map overlays showing land use from ERTS-1 CCTs offers a significant breakthrough in the rate at which land use maps are generated. Rather than uncorrected classified imagery or computer line printer outputs, the processing results in geometrically-corrected computer-driven pen drawing of land categories, drawn on a transparent material at a scale specified by the operator. These map overlays are economically produced and provide an efficient means of rapidly updating maps showing land use.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: E74-10440 , NASA-CR-137423
    Format: application/pdf
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