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  • 1
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    Record low global ozone in 1992 (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The 1992 global average total ozone, measured by the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) on the Nimbus-7 satellite, was 2 to 3 percent lower than any earlier year observed by TOMS (1979 to 1991). Ozone amounts were low in a wide range of latitudes in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, and the largest decreases were in the regions from 10 to 20 deg S and 10 to 60 deg N. Global ozone in 1992 is at least 1.5 percent lower than would be predicted by a statistical model that includes a linear trend and accounts for solar cycle variation and the quasi-biennial oscillation. These results are confirmed by comparisons with data from other ozone monitoring instruments: the SBUV/2 instrument on the NOAA-11 satellite, the TOMS instrument on the Russian Meteor-3 satellite, the World Standard Dobson Instrument 83, and a collection of 22 ground-based Dobson instruments.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 260; 5107; p. 523-526.
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  • 2
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    Tropical ozone loss following the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) measurements of equatorial total ozone following the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo show a decrease of up to 6 percent over climatology. Ozone losses begin approximately a month following the eruption, consistent with the time required for the SO2 to convert to sulfuric acid aerosol. The thick aerosol layer interferes with the TOMS retrieval, but this interference is small and easily accounted for in the retrieval. Ozone values remain below climatology until December, 1991. Ozonesonde data from Natal, Brazil taken before and two months after the eruption support TOMS observations of ozone loss. These sondes show that the ozone loss region is confined to a 2-3 km thick layer between 24 and 28 km.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 20; 1; p. 29-32.
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  • 3
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    Effect of stratospheric aerosol on ozone profile from BUV measurements (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Results of a simulation study on the effects of optically thick stratospheric sulfate aerosol layers on the backscattered ultraviolet radiation (buv) in the range 256-340 nm are presented. In general, the increased Mie scattering produced by the aerosols results in an enhancement of the buv radiation. The increase is approximately linear with optical depth and strongly depends on solar zenith angle and aerosol layer altitude in relation to the ozone maximum. The effect is greatest at those wavelenghts whose contribution functions peak in the vicinity of the densest part of the aerosol layer. The aerosol induced perturbation of the buv field affects the ozone profile retrieval from space measurements by the Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Experiment (SBUV) experiment. In the tropical stratosphere, the retrieved ozone between 25 and 45 km is underestimated as a result of increased Mie scattering. On the other hand, an algorithm related effect causes the retrieved ozone below 25 km to be overestimated by an amount similar to the stratospheric deficit.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Geopysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 22; 3; p. 235-238
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  • 4
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    The vertical ozone distribution in the Antarctic ozone minimum measured by SBUV (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The ozone profiles measured by SBUV in the region of the Antarctic ozone minimum are in error as archived for altitudes below the 7 mb level in the atmosphere because of the lack of a reasonable climatology to use for the initial guess profile. The ozone profile error in this region is examined, and it is shown that use of a reasonable climatology in this unusual region results in ozone profiles that agree substantially better with the balloon observations available from the Syowa station. The corrected profiles show that by 1984 there was 35 percent less ozone in the 15 to 30 km region than in 1979, and 14 percent less even in the 40 to 50 km region.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: (ISSN 0094-8276); 13; 1213-121
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  • 5
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    An evaluation of the performance of Umkehr stations by Solar Backscattered Ultraviolet (SBUV) experiment (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Until recently, Umkehr data taken by 20 Dobson stations around the world have been the principal source of information about the behavior of upper stratospheric ozone. Umkehr results are used also for detecting drifts in satellite instruments and for determining intersatellite biases. However, a systematic evaluation of the quality of Umkehr data taken by the various stations has been lacking. Five years of ozone profile data from the Solar Backscattered Ultraviolet (SBUV) have been used to examine and intercompare the quality of Umkehr stations, and to assess the degradation of their performance after the El Chichon volcano eruption in southern Mexico. In contrast to Umkehr, the SBUV ozone measurments in layers 7 through 9 (1-8 mb) were unaffected by the massive amounts of dust and gases ejected by El Chichon.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 6
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    Standard profiles of ozone from ground to 60 km obtained by combining satellite and ground based measurements (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A study is reported based on four years of SBUV data and five years of published ozonesonde data. The Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Experiment (SBUV), has been operating continuously since November 1978, providing some 1000 profiles per day. The data are of excellent quality from about 50 km down to the tropopause. By combining the satellite-derived data with ozonesonde data, a data base of standard ozone profiles and variance/covariance matrices has been developed, defining the observed variation of the atmospheric ozone around the mean profiles. Highlights of the data base are presented along with parameters of an analytical fit that describes the essential features of the data set. Although the data base was created specifically for use as a priori profiles for SBUV and Umkehr retrievals, it should be useful in other remote sensing applications and in modeling the UV radiation fields in the stratosphere. Another suggested application is in estimating ozone above the peak altitude of the ozone balloons.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 7
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    Intercomparison between Nimbus-7 cirrus cloud data and ERB measurements (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Nimbus-7 and Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) data were compared with the quantity of high, thin cirrus clouds over a 6 yr period. Three separate data analysis techniques are described which were used to derive cloud cover and total upwelling radiance values from the satellite data. Zonal average cirrus clouds amounts are compared with surface observations and SAGE satellite data, and comparisons are made between the cloud amount estimates made with ERB data and data from other Nimbus-7 instruments. All Nimbus-7 instrumental data indicated cloud amounts and frequency of occurrence patterns which were commensurate with surface observations, except in high latitude zones.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 8
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    Spatial and temporal characteristics of global cloud cover as observed from the Nimbus-7 satellite (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The spatial and temporal characteristics of the total cloud amount (TCA) were determined on the bases of 2 yr of data collected by Nimbus-7. The instruments used were the 11.5 microns channel of the Temperature Humidity IR radiometer and the 0.38 micron channel of the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer. Comparisons were made between long-term averages and large variations during the El Nino/Southern Oscillation event of 1982/83. Separate attention was also given to the TCA for the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, and to TCA averages over specific large-scale global features such as deserts.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 9
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    Reflectivity of earth's surface and clouds in ultraviolet from satellite observations (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer on board Nimbus 7 is used to infer the UV surface and cloud reflectance at 370 nm. Cloudless surface reflectivity was analyzed on a global basis for all surface types for several months. The UV surface reflectivity varies from 2 percent for some forest and grassland regions to 14 percent for some sandy desert areas. A notable exception is the large salt flats of Bolivia, which have a reflectivity of about 60 percent. Cloud reflectivity was also analyzed for clouds located at three levels in the atmosphere, as determined by the 11.5 micron channel of the Temperature Humidity Infrared Radiometer. Average cloud reflectivity at 370 nm ranges from 52 percent for low clouds (tops less than 2 km) to 76 percent for high clouds (tops greater than 7 km at the equator, decreasing to greater than 4 km at poles).
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 4287-429
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  • 10
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    Effect of stratospheric aerosol layers on the TOMS/SBUV ozone retrieval (1994)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: An evaluation of the optical effects of stratospheric aerosol layers on total ozone retrieval from space by the TOMS/SBUV type instruments is presented here. Using the Dave radiative transfer model we estimate the magnitude of the errors in the retrieved ozone when polar stratospheric clouds (PSC's) or volcanic aerosol layers interfere with the measurements. The largest errors are produced by optically thick water ice PSC's. Results of simulation experiments on the effect of the Pinatubo aerosol cloud on the Nimbus-7 and Meteor-3 TOMS products are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Ozone in the Troposphere and Stratosphere, Part 2; p 915-918
    Format: application/pdf
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