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  • GEOPHYSICS  (5)
  • ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION  (4)
  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY  (3)
  • Meteorology and Climatology  (1)
  • PROPULSION SYSTEMS  (1)
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  • 1
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    Tropospheric sources of NOx: lightning and biology (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Laboratory experiments to quantify the global production of NOx (NO + NO2) in the troposphere due to atmospheric lightning and biogenic activity in soil are presented. These laboratory experiments, as well as other studies, suggest that the global production of NOx by lightning probably ranges between 2 and 20 MT(N)y-1 of NO and is strongly dependent on the total energy deposited by lightning, a quantity not well-known. In our laboratory experiments, nitrifying micro-organisms is soil were found to be a significant source of both NO and nitrous oxide (N2O). The measured production ratio of NO to N2O averaged 2-3 for oxygen partial pressures of 0.5-10%. Extrapolating these laboratory measurements to the global scale, which is somewhat risky, suggests that nitrifying micro-organisms in soil may account for as much as 10 MT(N) y-1 of NO. Additional experiments with denitrifying micro-organisms gave an NO to N2O production ratio ranging from 2 to 4 for an oxygen partial pressure of 0.5% and a ratio of less than unity for oxygen partial pressures ranging from 1 to 20%. The production of NO and N2O, normalized with respect to micro-organism number indicates that the production of both NO and N2O by denitrifying micro-organisms is at least an order of magnitude less than production by nitrifying micro-organisms for the micro-organisms studied.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: Atmospheric environment (ISSN 0004-6981); Volume 18; 9; 1797-804
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  • 2
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    Tropospheric sources of NO(x) - Lightning and biology (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Laboratory tests were performed to quantify the expected NO(x) production by lightning and biological processes. Attention was focused on energy deposition by lightning and the oxygen partial pressure of soil, and one-dimensional photochemical models were defined for the tropospheric distributions of NO and HNO3 for various NO source strengths. The Lightning Facility data were compared with air samples of N2O production gathered during over 2 yr of flights through storms. Soil NO(x) productions were studied in terms of nitrification processes involving Nitrosomonas europaea and Alcaligenes faecalis bacteria, which change ammonium to nitrite and release NO and N2O as byproducts. The results indicate that atmospheric NO(x) is generated at two tropospheric levels, with lightning and soil bacteria being significant contributors.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Environment (ISSN 0004-6981); 18; 9, 19
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  • 3
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    Measurements of SO2 absorption coefficients using a tunable dye laser (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: High-resolution measurements of SO2 absorption coefficients in the UV are presented in the wavelength interval between 2962 and 3011 A using a frequency-doubled dye laser as the radiation source. These measurements have application to pollution monitoring of SO2 using the differential absorption scattering (DAS) technique. The spectral resolution of the measurements was 0.2 A (determined by the linewidth of the dye laser) and the generated spectra exhibited considerable rotational structure on the (000) double prime to (060) prime, (070) prime, and (080) prime electronic-vibrational transitions. The latter transitions correspond to center wavelengths of 3001.8, 2981.0, and 2962 A, respectively. The laser measurements were obtained with a signal-processing technique which eliminated calibration procedures associated with conventional optical-absorption measurements. Using this technique, the statistical uncertainty associated with measured absorption coefficients has been reduced to less than plus or minus 2% with a wavelength uncertainty of the laser source of plus or minus 0.1 A.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: Journal of Applied Physics; 46; July 197
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  • 4
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    An experiment concept to measure stratospheric trace constituents by laser heterodyne spectroscopy (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Laser heterodyne spectroscopy (LHS) techniques were used to measure radical gases from Spacelab. Major emphasis was placed on the measurement of ClO, ClOnO2, HO2, H2O2, N2O5, and HOCl in solar occultation with vertical resolution less than or equal to 2-km and vertical range from 1O to 70-km. Sensitivity analyses were performed on ClO and O3 to determine design criteria for the LHS instrument. Results indicate that O3 and ClO vertical profiles can be measured with an accuracy more than or equal to 95% and more than or equal to 80%, respectively, over the total profile.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: High Resolution Infrared Spectry. Tech. for Upper Atmospheric Meas.; p 55-79
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  • 5
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    Computer simulation of an aircraft-based differential absorption and scattering system for retrieval of SO2 vertical profiles (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The feasibility of using the differential absorption and scattering technique from aircraft altitudes for remotely measuring the vertical distribution of SO2 was studied via a computer simulation. Particular care was taken in this simulation to use system parameters (i.e., laser energy, telescope size, etc.) which can be accommodated on an aircraft and can be realized with commercially available technology. The vertical molecular and aerosol profiles were chosen to simulate the types of profiles which might be experienced over a large city. Results are presented on the retrieval of the assumed SO2 profile which show the effects of systematic errors due to interfering gases and aerosols, as well as random errors due to shot noise in the return signal, detector and background noise, and instrument-generated noise.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: NASA-TN-D-8077 , L-10398
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 6
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    Velocity and thrust measurements in a quasi- steady magnetoplasmadynamic thruster (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Quasi-steady MPD arc thrustor average thrust measurements, considering time-of-flight velocity determination by ion collecting probes
    Keywords: PROPULSION SYSTEMS
    Type: AIAA PAPER 70-1080
    Format: text
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  • 7
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    Remote sensing of atmospheric SO2 using the differential absorption LIDAR technique (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The paper reports an investigation of the capabilities of a UV differential absorption lidar (DIAL) system for remote measurements of sulfur dioxide emissions. Two features of the present DIAL system are an absorption cell permitting the determination of the difference in SO2 absorption coefficients for the two transmitted wavelengths and a calibration cell permitting the linearity and performance of the system to be evaluated. The DIAL technique is described along with the transmitter, receiver, data-adquisition, and data-processing components of the investigated system. Quantitative measurements of the average SO2 concentration in a region surrounding the exhaust stack of a steam-generating plant are discussed which show that the present system has measurement sensitivities of 10 ppb at a range of 0.8 km and 20 ppb at 1.9 km. Based on performance characteristics obtained during a calibration of this system, it is predicted that a measurement sensitivity of less than 4 ppb over a 1-km path will be attained.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: International Conference on Environmental Sensing and Assessment; Sep 14, 1975 - Sep 19, 1975; Las Vegas, NV
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  • 8
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    The Arctic Boundary Layer Expedition (ABLE-3B): July - August 1990 (1994)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The Arctic Boundary Layer Expedition (ABLE) 3B used data from ground-based, aircraft, and satellite platforms to characterize the chemistry and dynamics of the troposphere in subarctic and Arctic regions of midcontinent and eastern Canada during July - August 1990. This paper reports the experimental design for ABLE 3B and a brief overview of results. The detailed results are presented in a series of papers in this issue. The chemical composition of the atmospheric mixed layer over remote tundra, boreal wetland, and forested environments was influenced by emissions of CH4 and nonmethane hydrocarbons from biogenic sources, emissions of gases and aerosols from local biomass burning, and transport of pollutants into the study areas from urban/industrial sources. Minimum concentrations of both trace gas and aerosol species in boundary layer air were associated with Arctic source areas. In the free troposphere the biospheric influence was undetectable, and major sources of chemical variability were related to long-range transport of pollutants into the study areas from biomass burning and industrial sources in Alaska and the Great Lakes regions, respectively. Minimum concentrations of both trace gas and aerosol species in the free troposphere were associated with a persistent, widespread air mass which both chemistry and air mass trajectory analyses suggested had originated in the tropical Pacific. Subsidence of air from the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere frequently enhanced ozone and influenced other trace gas and aerosol species at midtropospheric altitudes. The North American Arctic is a complex dynamical and chemical environment with considerable spatial and temporal variability in aerosol and trace gas concentrations. The use of atmospheric chemical indicators for climate change detection will require a much more comprehensive Arctic monitoring program than currently exists.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 99; D1; p. 1635-1643
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  • 9
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    The Arctic Boundary Layer Expedition (ABLE 3A) - July-August 1988 (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The Arctic Boundary Layer Expedition (ABLE 3A), conducted in Arctic and sub-Arctic regions of North America and Greenland during July and August 1988, was the first comprehensive investigation of the sources, sinks, and distribution of trace gas and aerosol chemical species in a northern high-latitude region during summer months. The experimental design emphasized the role of biosphere-atmosphere interactions in determining the chemical composition of the troposphere and in processes which influence the tropospheric O3 budget. This paper reports the overall experimental design of ABLE 3A and includes a brief overview of results.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 97; D15; p. 16,383-16,394.
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  • 10
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    Atmospheric solar absorption measurements in the 9 to 11 mu m region using a diode laser heterodyne spectrometer (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A tunable diode laser heterodyne radiometer was developed for ground-based measurements of atmospheric solar absorption spectra in the 8 to 12 microns spectral range. The performance and operating characteristics of this Tunable Infrared Heterodyne Radiometer (TIHR) are discussed along with atmospheric solar absorption spectra of HNO3, O3, CO2, and H2O in the 9 to 11 microns spectral region.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TP-1726 , L-13877 , Heterodyne Systems and Technol. Conf.; Mar 25, 1980 - Mar 27, 1980; Williamsburg, VA; United States
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