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  • Chemistry  (65)
  • radical copolymerization  (2)
  • dibutyl maleate  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetic and ESR studies on the radical polymerization of Di-n-butyl itaconate in benzene (1987)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 25 (1987), S. 637-652 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The polymerization of di-n-butyl itaconate (DBI) intiated with AIBN was kinetically investigated in benezene. The polymerization rate (Rp) was expressed by: Rp = k[AIBN]0.5[DBI]1.7. The polymerization showed a considerably low overall activation energy of 15.3 kcal/mol. The initiator efficiency of AIBN in this system decreased with increasing DBI concentration, ranging from 0.34 to 0.55°C, which is ascribable to viscosity effect due to the monomer. From an ESR study, the polymerization system was found to involve two kinds of persistent radicals, namely, primary propagating (III) and propagating (I) radicals. The relative concentration of III to I increased with decreasing monomer concentration. Azo-nitrile initiators such as AVN and ACN similarly produced two persistent radicals, while MAIB, DBPO, and PBO yielded only propagating radical I as persistent. The MAIB-initiated polymerization of DBI was also performed in benzene. Similar kinetic features were observed, that is, a higher dependence of Rp on the DBI concentration and a low overall activation energy (14.4 kcal/mol). The following rate equation was obtained at 50°C:Rp = k[MAIB]0.5[DBI]1.6. The initiator efficiency of MAIB decreased with increasing DBI concentration, ranging from 0.32 to 0.53 at 50°C. The concentration of propagating radical I was determined by ESR at 50 and 61°C, from which kp and kt were estimated. The kp value increased with increasing monomer concentration, while the kt one decreased with the DBI concentration. These values are much lower compared with those of MMA.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1987.080250216
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radical polymerization behavior of ethyl ortho-formylphenyl fumarate involving intramolecular hydrogen abstraction (1995)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 33 (1995), S. 2865-2873 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: fumarate ; radical polymerization ; addition-abstraction mechanism ; ESR spectrum ; propagation rate constant ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The radical polymerization behavior of ethyl ortho-formyl-phenyl fumarate (EFPF) using dimethyl 2,2′-azobisisobutyrate (MAIB) as initiator was studied in benzene kinetically and ESR spectroscopically. The polymerization rate (Rp) at 60°C was given by Rp = k[MAIB]0.76[EFPF]0.56. The number-average molecular weight of poly(EFPF) was in the range of 1600-2900. EFPF was also easily photopolymerized at room temperature without any photosensitizer probably because of the photosensitivity of the formyl group of monomer. Analysis of 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra of the resulting polymer revealed that the radical polymerization of EFPF proceeds in a complicated manner involving vinyl addition and intramolecular hydrogen-abstraction. The polymerization system was found to involve ESR-observable poly(EFPF) radicals under the actual polymerization conditions. ESR-determined rate constant (2.4-4.0 L/mol s) of propagation at 60°C increased with decreasing monomer concentration, which is mainly responsible for the observed low de-pendency of Rp on the EFPF concentration. Copolymerizations of EFPF with some vinyl monomers were also examined. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1995.080331702
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radical polymerization of benzyl N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)itaconamate (1997)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 35 (1997), S. 1891-1900 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: radical polymerization ; steric effect ; ESR spectrum ; MALDI-TOF mass spectrum ; propagation rate constant ; termination rate constant ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The polymerization of benzyl N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)itaconamate (BDMPI) with benzoyl peroxide (BPO) in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) was studied kinetically by ESR. The polymerization rate (Rp) at 70°C was given by Rp = k[BPO]0.78[BDMPI]1.1. The overall activation energy of polymerization was determined to be 83.7 kJ/mol. The number-average molecular weight of poly(BDMPI) was in the range of 1500-2000 by gel permeation chromatography. From the ESR study, the polymerization system was found to involve ESR-observable propagating radicals of BDMPI under practical polymerization conditions. Using the polymer radical concentration by ESR, the rate constants of propagation (kp) and termination (kt) were determined in the temperature range of 50-70°C. The kp value seemed dependent on the chain-length of propagating radical. The analysis of polymers by the MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry suggested that most of the resulting polymers contain the dimethylamino terminal group. The copolymerization of BDMPI (M1) and styrene (M2) at 50°C in DMF gave the following copolymerization parameters; r1 = 0.49, r2 = 0.26, Q1 = 1.2, and e1 = +0.63. The thermal behavior of poly(BDMPI) was examined by dynamic thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 35: 1891-1900, 1997
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-range interaction between radical center and β-hydrogens of penultimate monomer unit in ESR of model propagating acrylate radicals (1988)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 26 (1988), S. 11-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6258
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1988.140260102
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-lived polymer radicals. VIII. Easy formation of long-lived propagating radicals of vinyl monomers at room temperaturePart VII: T. Sato, Y. Yutani, and T. Otsu, Polym. Bull., 13, 453 (1985). (1986)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 24 (1986), S. 1519-1528 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Poly[acryloyl-L-valine (ALV)] microspheres containing peroxy ester groups were prepared by radical copolymerization of ALV with a small amount of di-tert-butyl peroxyfumarate. When the microspheres were irradiated in the presence of second vinyl monomers, long-lived propagating radicals of the second monomers were formed in the microspheres by the reaction of microsphere polymer radicals with the monomers. The presence of a minute quantity of ethyl alcohol served to soften the microspheres and made the polymer radicals more mobile in the microspheres. As a result, sharper ESR spectra of the propagating radicals were observed although their lifetimes became shorter. This microsphere method also yielded easily the stable propagating radicals of a-methylstyrene and 1,1-diphenylethylene which have no homopolymerizability in usual radical polymerization. When N-n-propyldimethacroylamide and N,N′-dimethyl-N,N′-dimethacroylhydrazine, which undergo cyclopolymerization, were used as second monomer, uncyclized polymer radicals were only observed. Some discussions were given on the propagation mechanism of the cyclopolymerization.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1986.080240710
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymerization reactivity of unsaturated end group generated during the disproportionation in termination reaction of methyl methacrylate polymerization: A study using model compounds (1989)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 1741-1748 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Polymerizations of some vinyl monomers were carried out with 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile at 60°C in the presence of a methyl methacrylate (MMA) dimer (I) or a MMA polymer (II) with a double bond at their ends to confirm the polymerization reactivity of unsaturated end group generated during the disproportionation in termination reaction of MMA polymerization. It was found that the polymerizations of α-monosubstituted monomers have been much retarded than those of α,α-disubstituted monomers by the addition of I. Kinetic study on MMA and methyl acrylate polymerizations showed that the rate constant for the reaction of a propagating radical with I was 5.4 and 29.2 L/mol s in their polymerizations, respectively. ESR study using I and II suggested that an addition reaction was a predominant mechanism for the reaction of an unsaturated end group with a radical rather than a hydrogen abstraction.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1989.080270525
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solvent effect on the radical polymerization of di-n-butyl itaconate (1989)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 2497-2508 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Solvent effect on the polymerization of di-n-butyl itaconate (DBI) with dimethyl azobisisobutyrate (MAIB) was investigated at 50 and 61°C. The solvents used were found to affect significantly the polymerization. The polymerization rate (Rp) and the molecular weight of the resulting polymer are lower in more polar solvents. The initiation rate (Ri) by MAIB, however, shows a trend of being rather higher in polar solvents. The stationary state concentration of propagating poly(DBI) radical was determined by ESR in seven solvents. The rate constants of propagation (kp) and termination (kt) were evaluated by using Rp, Ri, and the polymer radical concentration observed. The kp value decreases fairly with increasing polarity of the solvent used, whereas kt is not so influenced by the solvents. The solvent effect on kp is explained in terms of a difference in the environment around the terminal radical center of the growing chain. Copolymerization of DBI with styrene (St) was also examined in three solvents with different physical properties. The poly(DBI) radical shows a lower reactivity toward St in a more polar solvent.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1989.080270802
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and radical polymerization of α-ethyl β-hexafluoroisopropyl itaconate (1995)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 33 (1995), S. 797-806 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: α-ethyl β-hexafluoroisopropyl itaconate ; radical polymerization and copolymerization ; ESR spectrum ; rate constants of propagation and termination ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of α-ethyl β-hexafluoroisopropyl itaconate (EFiPI) was performed. The polymerization of EFiPI initiated with dimethyl 2,2′-azobisisobutyrate (MAIB) was investigated kinetically in benzene. The polymerization rate (Rp) was expressed by Rp = k[MAIB]0.5[EFiPI]2.0 at 50°C. The overall activation energy of the polymerization was calculated to be a low value of 57.38 kJ/mol. Rate constants of propagation (kp) and termination (kt) were estimated under different polymerization conditions, using the ESR-determined concentrations of the propagating polymer radical. The increase in kp value (3.3-6.0 L/mol s) and the decrease in kt value (0.94-3.7 × 105 L/mol s) with monomer concentration are mainly responsible for the high dependence of Rp on the monomer concentration. Activation energies of initiation (Ei), propagation (Ep), and termination (Et) were also determined: Ei = 130.7 kJ/mol, Ep = 18.0 kJ/mol, Et = 57.4 kJ/mol. The large apparent activation energy of termination is a main origin of low overall activation energy of the polymerization. Thermal behavior of the resulting poly(EFiPI) was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic thermogravimetry (TG). Copolymerization of EFiPI (M1) with St (M2) was also examined at 50°C in benzene. The following copolymerization parameters were obtained according to the curve-fitting method: r1 = 0.05, r2 = 0.46, Q = 0.46, e = +1.14. Using these results, the rate constants of cross propagations in the copolymerization were estimated. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1995.080330506
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetic and ESR studies on radical copolymerization of p-tert-butoxystyrene and di-n-butyl maleate in benzene (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1449-1455 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: radical copolymerization ; p-t-butoxystyrene ; dibutyl maleate ; penultimate effect ; ESR ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The copolymerization of p-tert-butoxystyrene (TBOSt) (M1) and di-n-butyl maleate (DBM) (M2) with dimethyl 2,2′-azobisisobutyrate (MAIB) in benzene at 60°C was studied kinetically and by means of ESR spectroscopy. The monomer reactivity ratios were determined to be r1 = 2.3 and r2 = 0 by a curve-fitting method. The copolymerization system was found to involve ESR-observable propagating polymer radicals under practical copolymerization conditions. The apparent rate constants of propagation (kp) and termination (kt) at different feed compositions were determined by ESR. From the relationship of kp and f1 (f1 = [M1]/([M1] + [M2])) based on a penultimate model, the rate constants of five propagations of copolymerization were evaluated as follows; k111 = 140 L/mol s, k211 = 3.5 L/mol s, k112 = 61 L/mol s, k212 = 1.5 L/mol s, and k121 = 69 L/mol s. Thus, a pronounced penultimate effect was predicted in the copolymerization. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1449-1455, 1998
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of SnCl4 on the radical polymerization of N-allyl-N-phenylmethacrylamide and N-allyl-N-phenylacrylamide (1996)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 34 (1996), S. 3121-3130 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: radical cyclopolymerization ; copolymerization ; effect of SnCl4 ; N-allyl-N-phenylmethacrylamide ; N-allyl-N-phenylacrylamide ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effects of SnCl4 on the radical polymerization of N-allyl-N-phenylmethacrylamide (APM) and N-allyl-N-phenylacrylamide (APA) were investigated. The polymerizations of APM and APA with dimethyl 2,2-azobisisobutyrate (MAIB) were carried out at 50°C in benzene at various concentrations (0-1.0 mol/L) of SnCl4. The polymerization rates showed a maximum on varying the SnCl4 concentration, while the molecular weights of the resulting poly(APM) and poly(APA) were decreased with increasing SnCl4 concentration. In both systems, the degree of cyclization of polymers were decreased with the SnCl4 concentration. From the IR results, the cyclic structure of the resulting poly(APM)s was confirmed to be five-membered, whereas poly(APA)s contained not only five-membered but also six-membered rings. The 1H-NMR examination on the interactions of APM and APA with SnCl4 revealed that these monomers form 1:1 and 2:1 complexes with SnCl4 with fairly large stability constants. Copolymerizations of APM (M1) with methyl methacrylate (MMA) and styrene (St) (M2) were investigated at 60°C in benzene in the absence of SnCl4. APM units were found to be incorporated exclusively as five-membered rings in the resulting copolymer. Monomer reactivity ratios were estimated to be r1 = 0.29, r2 = 4.88 for APM/MMA and r1 = 0.66, r2 = 5.39 for APM/St. The presence of equimolar (to APM) SnCl4 was found to enhance the reactivity of APM toward poly(MMA) radical; r1 = 0.24, r2 = 2.56. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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