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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Annales geophysicae 16 (1998), S. 1169-1179 
    ISSN: 0992-7689
    Keywords: Ionosphere-magnetosphere interactions ; Polar ionosphere ; Radio science ; Ionospheric propagation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Tomographic imaging provides a powerful technique for obtaining images of the spatial distribution of ionospheric electron density at polar latitudes. The method, which involves monitoring radio transmissions from the Navy Navigation Satellite System at a meridional chain of ground receivers, has particular potential for complementing temporal measurements by other observing techniques such as the EISCAT incoherent-scatter radar facility. Tomographic reconstructions are presented here from a two-week campaign in November 1995 that show large-scale structuring of the polar ionosphere. Measurements by the EISCAT radar confirm the authenticity of the technique and provide additional information of the plasma electron and ion temperatures. The dayside trough, persistently observed at high latitudes during a geomagnetically quiet period but migrating to lower latitudes with increasing activity, is discussed in relationship to the pattern of the polarcap convection.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0992-7689
    Keywords: Ionosphere ; Auroral ionosphere ; Polar ionosphere ; Radio science (ionospheric physics)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Experimental results are presented from ionospheric tomography, the EISCAT Svalbard radar and the CUTLASS HF radar. Tomographic measurements on 10 October 1996, showing a narrow, field-aligned enhancement in electron density in the post-noon sector of the dayside auroral zone, are related to a temporal increase in the plasma concentration observed by the incoherent scatter radar in the region where the HF radar indicated a low velocity sunwards convection. The results demonstrate the complementary nature of these three instruments for polar-cap ionospheric studies.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 452 (1979), S. 123-140 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Complex Chemical Behaviour of Cl3V≡N—Cl against Lewis Acids and Bases. Crystal Structure of the Complexes Cl3VNCl(SbCl5)2 and Cl3(bipy)VNClCl3VNCl does not behave as a base towards Lewis acids. Whereas no reaction takes place with BCl3 and AlCl3, Cl3VNCl is reduced by AsF3 and partly fluorinated. With SbCl5 the molecular complex Cl3VNCl(SbCl5)2 is formed, which is extremly sensitive to hydrolysis and thermally unstable. The crystal structure was determined at -95°C. Each Cl3VNCl unit is bonded to two SbCl5 molecules via Cl bridges, so that the V and Sb atoms have the coordination number 6 in the form of distorted octahedra. The geometry of the linear V≡N—Cl group is unchanged with respect to the pure Cl3VNCl (bond lengths V—N = 165.5, N—Cl = 160.3 pm, angle V—N—Cl = 179.5°). Cl3VNCl reacts exothermically as a Lewis acid towards phosphines and nitrogen bases forming the complexes Cl3(R3P)VNCl (R = —nC4H9, —C6H5), Cl3(py)VNCl, Cl3(py)2VNCl and Cl3(bipy)VNCl. The crystal structure of Cl3(bipy)VNCl shows the presence of monomeric complexes. The symmetry of these complexes is near to Cs, whereby the bipyridyl ligand with the V≡N—Cl group and one extra Cl atom lie in the mirror plane. The V—N—Cl group is almost unaffected by the complex formation (bond lengths V—N = 168.8, N—C1 = 158.6 pm, angle V—N—C1 = 175.0°). The way of bonding in the V≡N—Cl group leads to an interpretation of the new compounds and of C13VNCl as nitrene complexes. NH4CI reacts with C13VNCl forming the anion [CI5VNC1]2-. IR data show that the anion possesses a bent V—N—Cl group with an sp2-hybridised nitrogen atom and a V—N double bond (ν(VN) = 925 cm-).
    Notes: Cl3VNCl verhält sich gegenüber Lewissäuren nicht wie eine Base. Während mit BCl3 und AlCl3 keine Reaktion eintritt, wird Cl3VNCl von AsF3 reduziert und teilweise fluoriert. Mit SbCl5 bildet sich der extrem hydrolyseempfindliche und thermisch wenig stabile Molekülkomplex Cl3VNCl(SbCl5)2, dessen Kristallstruktur bei -95°C bestimmt wurde. Danach ist jedes Cl3VNCl mit zwei SbCl5-Molekeln über Cl-Brücken verknüpft, so daß das V- und die Sb-Atome die Koordinationszahl 6 in Form verzerrter Oktaeder erreichen. Die Geometrie der linearen V≡N—Cl-Gruppe ist im Vergleich zum reinen Cl3VNCl unverändert (Abstand V—N = 165,5; N—Cl = 160,3 pm; Winkel V—N—Cl = 179,5°). Mit Phosphinen und Stickstoffbasen reagiert Cl3VNCl exotherm als Lewissäure unter Bildung der Komplexe Cl3(R3P)VNCl (R = n · C4H9, C6H5), Cl3(py)VNCl, Cl3(bipy)VNCl. Die Kristallstruktur des Cl3(bipy)VNCl zeigt, daß monomere Komplexe vorliegen, die annähernd die Symmetrie Cs besitzen, wobei der Bipyridylligand mit der V≡N—Cl-Gruppe und einem weiteren Cl-Atom auf der Spiegelebene liegen. Die V≡N—Cl-Gruppe wird durch die Komplexbildung praktisch nicht beeinflußt (Abstand V—N = 168,8; N—Cl = 158,5 pm; Winkel V—N—Cl = 175,0□) Die Bindungsverhältnisse in der V≡N—Cl-Gruppe legen eine Interpretation der dargestellten Verbindungen und des Cl3VNCl als Nitrenkomplex nahe. NH4Cl reagiert mit Cl3VNCl unter Bildung des Anions [Cl5VNCl]2-, für das aufgrund IR-spektroskopischer Befunde eine gewinkelte V = N-Cl-Gruppe mit einer sp2-Hybridisierung am Stickstoff und einer V—N-Doppelbindung (v (VN) = 925 cm-1) angenommen wird.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 487 (1982), S. 26-32 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: [WNCl3 · 0.5 HN3]4: Crystal Structure and I.R. Spectrum[WNCl3 · 0.5 HN3]4 is formed from tungsten hexachloride and iodine azide in dichloro methane solution yielding dark red and needleshaped crystals. The crystal structure was determined by aid of X-ray diffraction data. The compound crystallises in the triclinic space group P1 with one formula unit per unit cell (R = 0.08, 2 811 independent reflexions). The four metal atoms are arranged in a square, the edges being formed by almost linear W≡N—W bridge bonds of alternating length (168 and 210 pm). Two opposite tungsten atoms are coordinated by theαN atom of a HN3 molecule and by three terminal chloro ligands. The other tungsten atoms achieve coordination number 6 by two terminal and two bridging Cl atoms, linking the tetrameric units to bands along [010]. The i.r. spectrum is reported and assigned.
    Notes: [WNCl3 · 0,5 HN3]4 bildet sich in langsamer Reaktion aus Wolframhexachlorid und Iodazid in Dichlormethanlösung in Form dunkelroter Kristallnadeln. Mit Hilfe von Röntgenbeugungsdaten wurde die Kristallstruktur ermittelt. Der Komplex kristallisiert triklin in der Raumgruppe P1 mit einer Formeleinheit pro Elementarzelle (R = 0,08; 2811 unabhängige Reflexe). [WNCl3 · 0,5 HN3]4 bildet ein aus vier Wolframatomen bestehendes Quadrat mit nahezu gestreckten, alternierend langen W≡N—W—Brückenbindungen (168 bzw. 210 pm). Zwei einander gegenüberliegende W-Atome sind durch dasα-N-Atom eines HN3-Moleküls und durch drei terminale Chlorliganden koordiniert. Die beiden übrigen W-Atome erreichen die Koordinationszahl 6 durch zwei terminale Cl-Atome und zwei Brücken-Chloratome, so daß die tetrameren Einheiten zu Bändern längs [010] verknüpft sind. Das IR-Spektrum wird mitgeteilt und zugeordnet.
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