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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 18 (1995), S. 253-258 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: High resolution GC ; Solid adsorbents ; Graphitized carbon black ; Microwave thermal desorption ; Airborne substances ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A method has been developed to enable thermal desorption of airborne substances from solid adsorbents based on active charcoal by means of microwave energy, followed by on-line GC-FID analysis. Ceramic traps were filled with 50 mg of commercially available graphitized carbon black. Adsorption efficiency and desorption conditions for three substances covering a broad range of vapor pressure were investigated. The recovery rate, breakthrough, and linearity of the system were determined by direct fortification with standard solutions, followed by microwave thermal desorption and gas chromatographic separation. The recovery efficiencies were 80-84 %, with a standard deviation of 3-6 %. The correlation coefficient of the linear range between 1 (10 for one of the compounds) and 1000 ng was 〉 0.999. Initial experiments were performed to investigate the enrichment of the standards from the gaseous state. The recovery rates of the most volatile compound was increased by optimizing the density of the packing.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 5 (1959), S. 76-79 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Studies of the solvent extraction of cobalt and nickel nitrates from aqueous solution would add to the fundamental knowledge of extraction of metal salts. In experiments performed to determine the extractibility of these metals as nitrates from aqueous solutions by organic solvents, normal butanol was found to be the best solvent and gave equilibrium distribution coefficients K for cobalt or nickel nitrate of about 0.3. The presence of nitric acid tended to decrease these at high metal concentrations.In mixtures of the two metals the K value of either metal was found to depend on the total metal concentration. Low separation factors of about 1.3 were obtained. Very high K values of over 5 were obtained for the equilibrium extraction of the nitric acid in the presence of the metal nitrates by the n-butanol an indication of commercial possibilities.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 862-882 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Diels-Alder Reactivity of s-tis-Fixed 1,3-DienesContrary to the 1,2-dimethylenecycloalkanes 8-10 and 2,3-dimethylene-14-dioxane (6), the 4,5-dimethylene-1,3-dioxolanes 1-5 show very poor diene reactivities in the Diels-Alder reaction though possessing an s-cis-fixed diene system. This is documented by bimolecular rate constants as well as activation parameters. The influence of the ionisation potentials measured by PE spectroscopy and of the molecular geometries calculated by the MINDO/3 method on the reactivity is studied. It is shown that not the dehedral angle but the scissoring (1.4-distance) of the diene system is of decisive importance for the reactivity of the s-cis-fixed dienes.
    Notes: Die 4,5-Dimethylen-1,3-dioxolane 1-5 zeigen, obwohl sie s-cis-fixierte Diensysteme darstellen, im Vergleich zu den 1,2-Dimethylencycloalkanen 8-10 und 2,3-Dimethylen-1,4-dioxan (6) sehr geringe Dienreaktivitäten, wie durch die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten und die Aktivierungsparameter belegt wird. Der Einfluß der durch Photoelektronenspektroskopie festgelegten Ionisationspotentiale und der nach dem MINDO/3-Verfahren berechneten Molekülgeometrien auf die Reaktivität wird untersucht. Es zeigt sich, daß für die Reaktivität der s-cis-fixierten Diene nicht der Interplanarwinkel, sondern die Scherung (1,4-Abstand) des Dien-Systems von entscheidender Bedeutung ist.
    Additional Material: 9 Tab.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 785-798 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: It has been shown previously that supplementing plastic intrauterine devices (IUDs) with copper wire enhances the antifertility effect of the device. The use of copper intrauterine contraceptive devices, however, is currently limited to two to three years, mainly because of wire fragmentation, which was observed as early as after eight months of use. In the resulting search for a long-lasting device, two new systems of duplex wire, with gold and platinum cores electrolytically coated with copper, were devised and studied. Initially, duplex wires and controls were exposed to physiological solution. Copper dissolution rate and corrosion morphology were studied by weight-loss measurements and optical metallography. Similar systems were then surgically implanted in rat uteri for varying periods of up to 26 weeks. Electron micro-analysis of corrosion products, in addition to weight-loss measurements and metallography, was performed. The results showed that a uniform and ductile copper coating is obtainable by electroplating on gold and platinum wires. Rate of copper dissolution is similar to that of solid copper wire. No dissolution of gold and platinum in the controls or coated wires was detected by weight loss, metallography, or atomic absorption measurements. Microanalysis of the deposits and corrosion products on the wires in the uteri environment showed sulfur, chlorine, and calcium, in addition to copper. The results of this study suggest that supplementing IUDs with copper-coated gold or platinum wires may result in significant prolongation of the life span of the device by preventing uncontrolled loss of copper caused by wire fragmentation.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 303 (1960), S. 263-282 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The alkali metal oxides vaporize either in the form of Me2O-molecules or as following 2 Me2O(s) = 4 Me(g) + O2. According to BERKOWITZ et al. in the case of Li2O both processes take place. For the remaining alkali metal oxides the calculation of molecular energy could not decide the question. The calculations show that for the oxides of light alkali metals an angular model can only be considered. The investigations carried out in a MgO-boat, show that in vacuum (10-5 mm Hg) up to 980° C Li2O either does not vaporize at all or only to a very small extent. In case of vaporization starts at about 670°C. The sublimate consists of Na2O.Na2O. In case of K2O the vaporization begins at 450°C first with a sublimate of K2O; with increasing temperature the reaction 2 K2Os = K2O2,s + 2 Kg becomes more prominent. The second process is more pronounced in case of Rb2O; here Rb2O sublimes undecomposed only between 450° C and 500°C. Above 500°C Rubidiummetal sublimes and pure Rb2O2 remains in solid phase, which does not vaporize up to 630°C. In case of Cs2O the sublimate above 350°C consists of Cs2O, above 450°C of Cs-metal and above 500°C of Cs2O2, which vaporizes at this temperature without leaving any residue.These results are neither in good agreement with the vapor pressure values calculated on the basis of (a) vaporization as Me2O-molecules nor (b) for dissociation in metal and oxygen. The question of vaporization of different alkali metal oxides can only be decided by means of mass spectroscopic analysis. It is guessed that (a) becomes more predominant with increasing atomic weight of alkali metal.
    Notes: Alkalimetalloxide können im Prinzip sowohl als Me2O-Molekeln als auch gemäß 2 Me2O(f) = 4 Me(g) + O2 verdampfen; beim Li2O gehen nach BERKOWITZ und Mitarbeitern beide Vorgänge nebeneinander vor sich. Für die übrigen Alkalimetalloxide können Berechnungen der Molekelenergie (Teil I) diese Frage nicht entscheiden; sie zeigen, daß für die Oxidmolekeln der leichteren Alkalimetalle nur ein gewinkeltes Modell in Frage kommt.Versuche mit Verwendung eines MgO-Schiffchens zeigen, daß im Vakuum (≤ 10-5 Torr) bis 980° C Li2O nicht oder nur in ganz geringem Maße verdampft. Bei Na2O beginnt die Verdampfung bei etwa 670°C. Das Sublimat besteht aus Na2O. Bei K2O verdampft ab 450° C zunächst K2O; mit steigender Temperatur geht in immer stärkerem Maße die Reaktion 2 K2Of = K2O2f + 2 Kg vor sich. Dieser zweite Vorgang ist bei Rb2O noch viel ausgeprägter; hier findet sich ein nichtmetallisches Sublimat nur zwischen 450° C und 500°C; oberhalb 500° verdampft Metall und es verbleibt als Bodenkörper reines Rb2O2, das sich bis 630° im Vakuum nicht verflüchtigt. Beim Cs2O besteht das Sublimat ab 350° C aus Cs2O, oberhalb 450° C aus Cs-Metall und oberhalb 500° C aus Cs2O2, das bei dieser Temperatur im Vakuum ohne Rückstand verdampft.Diese Ergebnisse sind weder mit den Dampfdruckwerten, die man (a) für die Verdampfung als Me2O-Molekeln noch (b) für die Dissoziation in Metall + Sauerstoff berechnet, in guter Übereinstimmung. Die Frage kann nur durch andere, insbesondere massenspektroskopische Bestimmungen entschieden werden. Vermutlich tritt (a) um so mehr in den Vordergrund, je schwerer das Alkalimetall ist.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The interaction between PCl5 and [H3CNH3]Cl results in the formation of the two four-membered ring compounds mentioned above (R = CH3; the right compound is formed in minor amounts). PO or PS groups can be substituted for PCl2 by means of SO2 and H2S, respectively.From PCl5 and methylamine, therefore, P—N four-membered ring systems are obtainable with 5-coordinated (sp3d hybridized) and/or 4-coordinated (sp3 hybridized) phosphorus.
    Notes: Bei der Umsetzung zwischen PCl5 und [CH3NH3]Cl entsteht neben viel (R = CH3). In den Verbindungen lassen sich jeweils zwei Cl-Atome, die am gleichen P-Atom sitzen, durch O oder durch S ersetzen. Es sind also P—N-Verbindungen mit viergliedrigen Ringsystemen sowohl von Phosphor der Koordinationszahl 5 (sp3d-Hybridisierung) wie auch von Phosphor der Koordinationszahl 4 (sp3-Hybridisierung) über PCl5 und Monomethylamin zugänglich.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The reaction of PCl5 with liquid ammonia leads to the salt shown above. The same product can be obtained by the reaction of [Cl3P = N—PCl3]Cl with liquid ammonia.
    Notes: Bei der Umsetzung von PCl5 mit überschüssigem flüssigem Ammoniak bildet sich das Salz Die gleiche Verbindung erhält man auch durch die Umsetzung von [Cl3P = N—PCl3]Cl mit flüssigem Ammoniak.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 79 (1979), S. 193-206 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The present paper is concerned with the origin of luminescence in thermo-oxidativ damaged polycaprolactame. It is demonstrated that the luminescence of a substance isolated from the damaged polycaprolactame is caused by an α-ketoimid-structure element linked as a lumophoric group to the backbone of the polymer. A mechanism for the oxidation leading to this structure element is discussed on basis of the caprolactame oxidation.
    Notes: Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den Ursachen der Lumineszenz in thermooxidativ geschädigtem Polycaprolactam. Es wird gezeigt, daß die Lumineszenz einer Substanz, die aus geschadigtem Polycaprolactam isoliert werden konnte, durch a-Ketoimidgruppierungen hervorgerufen wird, die im ‚backbone‘ des Polymeren als lumophore Gruppen eingebaut sind. Ein Mechanismus für die Oxidationsreaktion, die zu dieser Struktur führt, wird anhand der Oxidation des Caprolactams diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 95 (1962), S. 443-454 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die aus Mesityloxyd und Bromessigsäure-äthylester bzw. 2-Brom-propionsäure-äthylester entstehenden 3-Hydroxy-carbonsäureester zeigen auf Grund sterischer Effekte ein besonderes Verhalten bei der Wasserabspaltung. Es entstehen isomere Hexadiensäureester, deren Isomerisierungsreaktionen und sterischer Bau aufgeklärt werden. Bei der Lactonisierung bilden sich überraschend leicht ungesättigte δ-Lactone, die eine geringe Verseifungsgeschwindigkeit zeigen. Aus den UV-Spektren der mehrfach methylsubstituierten Sorbinsäuren ist der Grad der sterischen Verdrillung der Moleküle abschätzbar.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 98 (1965), S. 2558-2565 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die bei der Kondensation des Formaldehyds primär gebildeten Zucker werden papierchromatographisch weitgehend aufgeklärt.
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