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  • General Chemistry  (128)
  • catenanes  (10)
  • pseudorotaxanes  (5)
  • Catenanes  (3)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    X-ray Crystallographic Studies on the Noncovalent Syntheses of Supermolecules (1999)
    Springer
    Structural chemistry 10 (1999), S. 243-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9001
    Keywords: Noncovalent interactions ; pseudorotaxanes ; self-assembly ; solid-state structures ; supramolecular chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An approach to the supramolecular syntheses of discrete multicomponent aggregates of noncovalently bound molecules, i.e., supermolecules, is described. This approach involved the careful analysis of X-ray crystal structures so as to permit a gradual increase in superstructural complexity. Many elaborate supermolecules were synthesized noncovalently from dialkylammonium-containing cations and crown ethers, following the initial observation that the dibenzylammonium ion threads through dibenzo[24]crown-8 to generate a singly stranded, singly encircled [2]pseudorotaxane, principally as a result of $$[{\text{N}}^{\text{ + }} - {\text{H}} \cdot \cdot \cdot {\text{O}}]$$ and $$[{\text{C}} - {\text{H}} \cdot \cdot \cdot {\text{O}}]$$ hydrogen bond formation. The scope of the fundamental recognition motif obtained from this initial observation was then broadened, through the use of thread-like ions with multiple dialkylammonium centers and/or larger crown ethers, so that multiply stranded and/or multiply encircled pseudorotaxanes could be prepared. Cations bearing both dialkylammonium and crown ether recognition sites were also used for the nocovalent synthesis of a discrete daisy chain supermacrocycle and the basic recognition motif was combined with other motifs for the production of a wide range of novel superarchitectures. As a greater understanding of the noncovalent interactions governing the self-assembly of the complex superarchitectures was acquired, new protocols for the noncovalent syntheses of doubly docked pseudorotaxanes and interwoven supramolecular bundles, including a supramolecular analogue of the photosynthetic special pair, were developed. The discovery that anions can play a prominent role in the solid-state self-assembly of some of the supermolecules was a valuable spinoff of the research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021844715425
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Template-Directed Synthesis of a Rotacatenane (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1999 (1999), S. 1295-1302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Catenanes ; Mechanically interlocked molecules ; Molecular recognition ; Rotaxanes ; Template-directed synthesis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -A [2]catenane, able to bind π-electron-rich guests inside the cavity of one of its two macrocyclic components has been designed and synthesized using supramolecular assistance. This recognition motif has been exploited to template the formation of a so-called rotacatenane - i.e., a molecule composed of a dumbbell-shaped component threaded through the cavity of one of the two mechanically interlocked macrocyclic components of a [2]catenane. The structure of this [2]catenane, as well as that of a model [2]catenane, have been characterized unequivocally by single-crystal X-ray analyses. Furthermore, some of the co-conformational changes associated with these mechanically interlocked molecules in solution have been probed by variable-temperature 1H-NMR spectroscopy.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthetic Cyclic Oligosaccharides-Syntheses and Structural Properties of a Cyclo[(1 → 4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-α-D-mannopyranosyl]trioside and -tetraosideSynthetic Cyclic Oligosaccharides, Part 1. (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 2 (1996), S. 580-591 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: carbohydrates ; cyclodextrin analogues ; cyclooligomerizations ; glycosylations ; nanotubes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An efficient polycondensation-cyclization approach to the synthesis of cyclodextrin analogues is demonstrated by the preparation of cyclohexaoside 1 and cyclooctaoside 2. The key intermediate, disaccharide 3, bearing the cyanoethylidene group as a glycosyl donor function and the trityloxy group as a glycosyl acceptor function was prepared in 15 steps starting from L-rhamnose and D-mannose. The crucial cyclooligomerization of the disaccharide monomer 3 was carried out in the presence of TrClO4 as a promoter with the use of ultra-dry conditions at normal concentrations. This reaction led to formation of the cyclic oligosaccharides 28 and 29 (in 34 and 31% yield, respectively), which were deprotected to afford 1 and 2, respectively. The X-ray crystal structural analysis of the cyclooctaoside 2 reveals a cylindrical shape for the cyclic oligosaccharide with C4 symmetry. Individual molecules of 2 are arranged perfectly in stacks that form nanotubes in the solid state.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.19960020518
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Catenated Cyclodextrins (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 33-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: catenanes ; cyclodextrins ; macrocycles ; orientational isomerism ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A novel synthetic approach is described for the construction of catenanes in aqueous solution from a partially methylated cyclodextrin (CD)-namely, heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl-β-cyclodextrin) (DM-β-CD)-and a range of substrate molecules that contain a hydrophobic central core in the form of a 4,4′-disubstituted biphenyl unit (usually bitolyl) carrying two hydrophilic polyether side chains terminated by primary amine functions. In water, the amphiphilic catenane precursors form 1:1 complexes with β-CD and DM-β-CD and 2:1 (guest: host) complexes with the larger γ-CD. Macrocyclizations of the biphenyl-containing substrates with aromatic diacid chlorides in aqueous solution and in the presence of DM-β-CD under Schotten-Baumann conditions afforded-in low yields-a range of [2]- and [3]catenanes. When a consitutionally asymmetrical diamine was employed as the substrate, orientational isomers of a [2]catenane were obtained. A [3]catenene incorporating a macrocyclic tetralactam was found to exist as a mixture of head-to-head and head-to-tail isomers, which could be separated by high pressure liquid chromatography and identified unambiguously by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. One of the [2]catenanes afforded good single crystals from which the solid state structure was determined by X-ray crystallography. Other techniques which aided the characterization of these novel compounds included ultraviolet/visible and luminescence spectroscopy, dynamic nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. Generally speaking, the catenated cyclodextrins are soluble in halogenated and aromatic hydrocarbons as well as in hydroxylic solvents. The existence of these new compounds gives us a unique insight into the nature of the noncovalent bonding interactions that cyclodextrins employ in binding substrate molecules.
    Additional Material: 29 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.19950010109
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pseudorotaxanes formed between secondary dialkylammonium salts and crown ethers“Molecular Meccano”, Part 6: for Part 5, see ref. [45e]. (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 2 (1996), S. 709-728 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: crown ethers ; dialkylammonium salts ; hydrogen bonding ; molecular recognition ; pseudorotaxanes ; self-assembly ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A very simple self-assembling system, which produces inclusion complexes with pseudorotaxane geometries, is described. The self-assembly of eight pseudorotaxanes with a range of stoichiometries-1:1, 1:2, 2:1, and 2:2 (host:guest)-has been achieved. These pseudorotaxanes self-assemble from readily available components-well-known crown ethers, such as dibenzo[24]crown-8 and bis-p-phenylene[34]crown-10, and secondary dialkylammonium hexafluorophosphate salts, such as (PhCH2)2NH+2PF-6 and (nBu)2NH+2PF-6-and have been characterized not only in the solid state, but also in solution and in the “gas phase”. The pseudorotaxanes are stabilized largely by hydrogen-bonding interactions and, in some instances, by aryl-aryl interactions.
    Additional Material: 40 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.1460020614
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bis[2]catenanes and a bis[2]rotaxane-Model Compounds for Polymers with Mechanically Interlocked Components“Molecular Meccano”, Part 5: for Part 4, see P. R. Ashton, R. Ballardini, V. Balzani, A. Credi, M. T. Gandolfi, S. Menzer, L. Pérez-Garcia, L. Prodi, J. F. Stoddart, M. Venturi, A. J. P. White, D. J. Williams, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 995, 117, 11171-11197. (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 2 (1996), S. 31-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: catenanes ; polycatenanes ; polyrotaxanes ; rotaxanes ; self-assembly ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The self-assembly of three bis[2]catenanes and a bis[2]rotaxane, by two complementary strategies, is reported. A synthetic route to derivatives of bis-para-phenylene[34]crown-10 (BPP34C10) and 1,5-naphtho-para-phenylene[36]-crown-10 (1/5NPP36C10) containing a fused five-membered ring with a secondary amine function is described. These intermediate N-allylimido macrocyclic polyethers undergo template-directed reactions with 1,1′-[1,4-phenylenebis-(methylene)]bis-4,4′-bipyridinium bis-(hexafluorophosphate) and 1,4-bis(bromo-methyl)benzene to produce [2]catenanes containing an N-allyl functionality. The N-allylimido macrocyclic polyethers have also been reduced and deprotected to afford macrocycles possessing a free NH group, which are then linked through a 4,4′-biphenyldicarbonyl spacer to produce bis(crown ether)s, in which each crown ether moiety has two recognition sites. These ditopic BPP34C10 and 1/5NPP36C10 derivatives are capable of sustaining self-assembly reactions at both recognition sites to yield bis[2]catenanes. The self-assembly of a complementary bis[2]catenane, in which two tetracationic cyclophanes are linked together with a flexible hexyl chain, has also been achieved by treating 1,1′-[1,4-phenylenebis(methylene)]bis-4,4′-bipyridinium bis-(hexafluorophosphate) with a compound containing two linked 1,4-bis(bromomethyl)benzene units in the presence of BPP34C10. Replacing BPP34C10 with a dumbbell-shaped compound containing a linear polyether unit intercepted by a naphthalene residue and terminated by two bulky adamantoyl groups has led to the self-assembly of a bis[2]rotaxane. The X-ray crystal structures of one of the catenanes and its associated crown ether component are reported, together with solution state dynamic 1H NMR spectroscopic studies, showing that there is substantial degree of order characterizing the molecular structure of the catenanes.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.19960020109
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Template-Directed Syntheses, Spectroscopic Properties, and Electrochemical Behavior of [n]Catenanes (2000)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1121-1130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Catenanes ; Cyclophanes ; Electrochemistry ; Electronic spectroscopy ; Template-directed synthesis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -Catenanes composed of two, three, five, or seven interlocked macrocycles have been synthesized in yields ranging from 1 to 30%. Their template-directed syntheses rely on a series of cooperative noncovalent bonding interactions between π-electron rich 1,5-dioxynaphthalene ring systems and π-electron deficient bipyridinium units which are incorporated within the macrocyclic components. The interlocked structure associated with one of the [3]catenanes was demonstrated unequivocally by single crystal X-ray analysis which also revealed the formation of polar stacks stabilized by intermolecular [π···π] interactions. The number of interlocked components of each catenane was determined by liquid secondary ion, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time-of-flight, and/or electrospray mass spectrometries. The absorption spectra, emission spectra, and electrochemical properties of the macrocyclic components and of the catenanes have been investigated. Two kinds of charge-transfer absorption bands (intramolecular in the cyclophanes containing electron-donor and electron-acceptor units, intercomponent in the catenanes) have been found. Such charge-transfer excited states are responsible for the quenching of the potentially fluorescence units of the cyclophanes, and of the crown ethers in the catenanes. Charge-transfer electronic interactions are also evidenced by the electrochemical behavior. Correlations among the redox potentials of the various compounds are reported and discussed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ci Symmetric and Non-Centrosymmetric Crystalline Complexes of [60]Fullerene with Octakis(dimethylamino)porphyrazinato-Copper(II) and -Nickel(II) (2000)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 2000 (2000), S. 593-596 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Porphyrazines ; Fullerenes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: X-ray structural analysis of octakis(dimethylamino)porphyrazinato-metallo(II)·[60]fullerene complexes (M = Cu2+ and Ni2+) surprisingly revealed two totally different supramolecular structures, the first exhibiting a Ci symmetric sandwich complex of two slightly dished porphyrazine units enclosing one fullerene sphere, the other featuring a noncentrosymmetric 1:1 complex with a strongly warped porphyrazine unit.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cyclobis(paraquat-4,4′-biphenylene)-an organic molecular square(Molecular Meccano), Part 8: for Part 7, see P. R. Ashton, P. T. Glink, J. F. Stoddart, P. A. Tasker, A. J. P. White, D. J. Williams, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 729-736. (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 2 (1996), S. 877-893 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: catenanes ; second-sphere coordination ; self-assembly ; template syntheses ; topological stereoisomerism ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Template-directed syntheses of cyclobis(paraquat-4,4′-biphenylene) (1)- a Molecular square-have been achieved by use of π-electron-rich macrocyclic hydroquinone-based and acyclic ferrocene-based templates. In particular, the use of a polyether-disubstituted ferrocene derivative as a template permits synthesis of 1 (which is accessible only in very low yields without templates) on a preparative scale. Furthermore, the use of a macrocyclic hydroquinone-based polyether template in corporating an ester function in one polyether chain-an (oriented) macrocycle-affords a 1 : 1 mixture of two topologically stereoisomeric [3]catenanes. Ester hydrolysis of the π-electron-rich macrocyclic components mechanically interlocked with 1 within the catenated structures releases the tetracationic cyclophane in quantitative yield as a result of the degradation of the [3]catenanes. The molecular square has been characterized by X-ray crystallography, FAB mass spectrometry, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopies, and elemental analysis. The binding properties of 1 and of the smaller cyclophane cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) toward a series of π-electronrich guests have also been investigated with the above techniques and UV/VIS spectroscopy. The self-assembly of the resulting supramolecular complexes in solution and in the solid state is driven mainly by π-π stacking interactions and hydrogen-bonding interactions, as well as by edge-to-face T-type interactions. In particular, the complexation of ferrocene or a ferrocene-based derivative within the cavity of 1 suggests the possibility of constructing functioning ferrocene-based molecular and supramolecular devices that can be controlled electrochemically in the form of catenanes, rotaxanes, and pseudorotaxanes.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.1460020718
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular Meccano, 48Probing Co-Conformational Changes in Chiral [2]Rotaxanes by 1H-NMR Spectroscopy (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1999 (1999), S. 899-908 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Co-conformation ; Molecular recognition ; Planar chirality ; Rotaxanes ; Template-directed synthesis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -The template-directed syntheses of three [2]rotaxanes possessing either chiral centers or elements of planar chirality, in one of their two mechanically interlocked components, have been realized and their solid-state structures have been analyzed by X-ray crystallography. In one instance, an enantiomerically pure dumbbell-shaped component incorporating a 1,5-dioxynaphthalene recognition site and two (1R,2S,5R)-menthyl stoppers was employed to template the formation of the achiral tetracationic cyclophane, cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene). The resulting enantiomerically pure [2]rotaxane was isolated in a yield of 55%. In the other two instances, an achiral 1,5-dioxynaphthalene-based dumbbell-shaped component was employed to template the formation of bipyridinium-based cyclophanes possessing either one or two elements of planar chirality. The resulting [2]rotaxane, possessing one element of planar chirality, was isolated as a racemate in a yield of 24%. The related [2]rotaxane, possessing two elements of planar chirality, was isolated as a mixture of a meso form and an enantiomeric pair in an overall yield of 28%. The 1H-NMR-spectroscopic analysis of this mixture revealed a diastereoisomeric ratio of 4:1. A degenerate co-conformational change was identified by variable-temperature 1H-NMR spectroscopy in all [2]rotaxanes. The symmetry loss arising from the introduction of one or two elements of planar chirality enabled the elucidation of the mechanism of this dynamic process in two instances.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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