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  • 11
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    Continuous evolution of Bacillus thuringiensis toxins overcomes insect resistance (2016)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Description: The Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxins (Bt toxins) are widely used insecticidal proteins in engineered crops that provide agricultural, economic, and environmental benefits. The development of insect resistance to Bt toxins endangers their long-term effectiveness. Here we have developed a phage-assisted continuous evolution selection that rapidly evolves high-affinity protein-protein interactions, and applied this system to evolve variants of the Bt toxin Cry1Ac that bind a cadherin-like receptor from the insect pest Trichoplusia ni (TnCAD) that is not natively bound by wild-type Cry1Ac. The resulting evolved Cry1Ac variants bind TnCAD with high affinity (dissociation constant Kd = 11-41 nM), kill TnCAD-expressing insect cells that are not susceptible to wild-type Cry1Ac, and kill Cry1Ac-resistant T. ni insects up to 335-fold more potently than wild-type Cry1Ac. Our findings establish that the evolution of Bt toxins with novel insect cell receptor affinity can overcome insect Bt toxin resistance and confer lethality approaching that of the wild-type Bt toxin against non-resistant insects.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4865400/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4865400/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Badran, Ahmed H -- Guzov, Victor M -- Huai, Qing -- Kemp, Melissa M -- Vishwanath, Prashanth -- Kain, Wendy -- Nance, Autumn M -- Evdokimov, Artem -- Moshiri, Farhad -- Turner, Keith H -- Wang, Ping -- Malvar, Thomas -- Liu, David R -- R01 EB022376/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- R01EB022376/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 May 5;533(7601):58-63. doi: 10.1038/nature17938. Epub 2016 Apr 27.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. ; Monsanto Company, 245 First Street, Suite 200, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. ; Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Geneva, New York 14456, USA. ; Monsanto Company, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27120167" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Bacillus thuringiensis/*genetics ; Bacterial Proteins/*genetics/*metabolism ; Bacteriophages/genetics ; Biotechnology ; Cadherins/metabolism ; Cell Death ; Consensus Sequence ; Crops, Agricultural/genetics/metabolism ; Directed Molecular Evolution/*methods ; Endotoxins/*genetics/*metabolism ; Genetic Variation/*genetics ; Hemolysin Proteins/*genetics/*metabolism ; *Insecticide Resistance ; Insecticides/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Moths/cytology/*physiology ; Mutagenesis/genetics ; Pest Control, Biological/*methods ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Protein Binding/genetics ; Protein Stability ; Selection, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interrelationships between selected mechanical properties of individually-tested polymeric fibersPresented at the fall 1985 Technical Conference of The Fiber Society. (1989)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 29 (1989), S. 1738-1745 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Although fibers are subject to complex deformations during processing and end use, most research has concentrated on tensile properties. We have extended our studies to include the ultimate torsional properties, i.e., the breaking twist angle (BTA), and the flexural fatigue life of single fibers. We now have sufficient data on diverse fiber types that we may compare their mechanical properties. Thus, in this paper we report the mechanical properties of the different starting, untreated, fibers, tested under fiducial conditions. We then develop and consider some interrelationships between these selected single fiber physical properties.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760292403
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Poly(ethylene terephthalate) crystallization as a method for microlithography (1990)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 30 (1990), S. 1165-1170 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thermal lithography on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is carried out by inducing crystallization through selective exposure of amorphous films to Infrared radiation. The obtained images can be smaller than the wavelength of the CO2 laser light. This circumvention of the diffraction limit is accomplished by taking advantage of the non-linear temperature dependence of the crystallization rate. The optical marking process is reversible through simple melting of the crystalline images. The complementary process, selective melting of an initially crystalline film, can also be accomplished. The use as a heat sink of a mask which forms the image pattern is demonstrated.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760301809
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Letters to the editor (1991)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 791-799 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690370517
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrodynamic modeling of gas/particle flows in riser reactors (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1569-1582 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Complex hydrodynamic behavior of circulating fluidized beds makes their scale-up very complicated. In particular, large-scale lateral solids segregation causes a complex two-phase flow pattern which influences significantly their performance. Lateral solids segregation has been attributed to direct collisional interactions between particles as well as to interaction between gas-phase eddies and dispersed particles. However, these phenomena have not been investigated thoroughly.This article discusses an advanced 2-D hydrodynamic model developed for circulating fluidized beds based on the two-fluid concept. Because theory to model the interaction between gas-phase eddies and dispersed particles is not available, turbulence was modeled on a macroscopic scale using a modified Prandtl mixing length model. To model the influence of direct particle-particle collisions the kinetic theory for granular flow was applied based on the Chapman-Enskog theory of dense gases. For model validation purposes, a cold flow circulating fluidized bed was employed in which sand was transported with air as fluidizing agent. The column is equipped with pressure transducers to measure the axial pressure profile and with a reflective optical fiber probe to measure the local solids concentration and axial solids velocity. Theoretically calculated solids concentration and axial solids velocity agree satisfactorily with experiment, especially when one realizes that the model contains no adjustable parameters. In general, however, the model slightly underpredicted the experimentally observed lateral solids segregation and yielded a more peaked velocity profile compared to its experimental counterpart.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420608
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transient behavior of pulsed particulate fluidized beds (1997)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 625-630 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Transient phenomena in solid-liquid fluidized-bed systems are important in designing pulsed, countercurrent (multistage) fluidized-bed contactors of the Cloete-Streat type at high-solids flow rate. Of particular interest are the residence times or corresponding velocities of porosity gradients in the bed and the excess or overshoot height of the bed after refluidization. Theory assuming local equilibrium between holdup and velocity of the phases (local-equilibrium model) for stepwise perturbations in the liquid flow is readily available. It is investigated whether the local-equilibrium theory can be used for more complex perturbations and whether inertia effects, such as are encountered in countercurrent multistage fluidized-bed systems, can be ignored. Therefore, the detailed particle-bed model of Foscolo and Gibilaro, which incorporates inertia effects, was applied to investigate the transient behavior of fluidized-bed systems. Transient fluidization experiments were performed with a broad range of water-fluidized particles in a laboratory-scale multistage fluidized-bed contactor. The operating conditions corresponded to those for countercurrent contact.Numerical simulations with the particle-bed model predict satisfactory experimental results. The “overshoot” heights of the fluidized bed were estimated correctly by the particle-bed model, whereas the local-equilibrium model only provides a conservative estimate. However, the local-equilibrium model allows an analytical solution that is more interesting for design, as it avoids tedious calculations. The residence time of the last perturbation before the fluidized bed relaxes to steady state was estimated with similar accuracy by both models.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690430308
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Static liquid holdup in packed beds of spherical particles (1991)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 37 (1991), S. 1733-1736 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690371117
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Letters to the editor (1992)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 38 (1992), S. 635-640 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690380421
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Remarks on the modeling of fluidized systems (1992)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 38 (1992), S. 471-472 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690380317
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effluent concentration profiles in centrifugal partition chromatography (1997)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 693-702 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) is a relatively new preparative chromatographic technique. To understand, predict, and optimize CPC separations a model is needed, describing the effluent concentration profile as a function of the phenomena that determine the separation efficiency (mass transfer, mixing, and partitioning). The model presented in this article describes experimental effluent concentration profiles accurately. Partition coefficients, Stanton numbers, and Péclet numbers were obtained by comparing model simulations to experimental pulse-response data. The fitted partition coefficients agree well with those obtained from shake-flask experiments. Mass-transfer limitation is the major reason for peak broadening. The inverse mass-transfer coefficient is a linear function of the partition coefficient. The model will be a valuable tool in determining the influence of mass transfer as a function of various experimental conditions.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690430315
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