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  • Balsam poplar  (2)
  • Nutrient deficiency  (2)
  • annual grassland  (2)
  • elevated CO2  (2)
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Lack of compensatory growth under phosphorus deficiency in grazing-adapted grasses from the Serengeti Plains (1989)
    Springer
    Oecologia 79 (1989), S. 551-557 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Schlagwort(e): Defoliation ; Compensatory growth ; Serengeti ; Phosphate uptake ; Nutrient deficiency
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Two shortgrass species (Sporobolus ioclados and Eustachys paspaloides) and two midgrass species (E. paspaloides and Pennisetum mezianum) from the Serengeti grasslands of Tanzania were grown under conditions of extreme phosphorus (P) deficiency. Production of each of these species is maintained or enhanced by defoliation under adequate nutrient supply (McNaughton et al. 1983). However, under the P-deficient conditions of our experiment, defoliation caused a reduction in biomass of all plant parts of each species. Green leaf biomass was reduced most strongly by defoliation, and crowns were least affected. Yield of biomass and nutrients to grazers (green leaves+clipped material) was enhanced by weekly defoliation in the shortgrass grazing-adapted species, whereas yield to producers (live biomass and nutrients retained by the plant) and yield to decomposers (litter) were strongly reduced by defoliation in all species. Phosphate absorption capacity (V max) measured on excised roots was enhanced by defoliation in the grazing-adapted Sporobolus, but, due to low affinity (high K m) of roots of defoliated plants for phosphate, absorption rate was not greatly altered at low solution concentrations. Phosphate absorption capacity was reduced or unaffected by defoliation in other species. We conclude that under conditions of P deficiency, plants are unable to acquire the nutrients necessary to replenish large nutrient losses to grazers. In low-nutrient environments, compensatory growth (stimulation of production by grazing) is not a viable strategy. Therefore, in these environments plants respond evolutionarily to herbivores by developing chemical or morphological defenses.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378674
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Carbon/nutrient balance as a predictor of plant defense in Alaskan balsam poplar: Potential importance of metabolite turnover (1991)
    Springer
    Oecologia 88 (1991), S. 401-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Schlagwort(e): Carbon/nutrient balance hypothesis ; Plant defense ; Snowshoe hare ; Balsam poplar
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The carbon/nutrient balance hypothesis fails to correctly predict effects of fertilization and shading on concentrations of defensive metabolites in Alaskan balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera). Of six metabolites analyzed, only one responded in the predicted fashion to fertilization and one to shading. These results and those of other similar studies suggest that while the carbon/nutrient balance hypothesis may correctly predict the effects of fertilization and shading on the concentrations of metabolic “end products”, it fails for many metabolites because of the dynamics associated with their production and turnover. In metabolites that turn over, static concentration is a poor predictor of defensive investment.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317585
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Winter chemical defense of Alaskan balsam poplar against snowshoe hares (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1941-1959 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Balsam poplar ; Populus balsamifera ; snowshoe hare ; Lepus americanus ; plant chemical defense ; herbivore ; cineol ; benzyl alcohol ; bisabolol ; 6-hydroxycyclohexenone ; salicaldehyde
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Palatabilities of parts and growth stages of balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera) to snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) are related to concentrations of specific plant metabolites that act as antifeedants. Buds are defended from hares by cineol, benzyl alcohol, and (+)-α-bisabolol. Internodes are defended by 6-hydroxycylohexenone (6-HCH) and salicaldehyde. Although defense of interaodes depends upon both compounds, the defense of juvenile internodes is principally related to salicaldehyde concentration; the defense of internode current annual growth is principally related to 6-HCH concentration. The concentration of 6-HCH can be supplemented by the hydrolysis of phenol glycosides when plant tissue is disrupted, raising the possibility of a dynamic element of the chemical defense of poplar.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020507
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Adaptation of selected trees and grasses to low availability of phosphorus (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 72 (1983), S. 283-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Barley ; Chinochloa ; Growth rate ; Nutrient deficiency ; Nutrient stress ; Phosphorus fractions ; Root-shoot ratio ; Taiga
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract High-nutrient-adapted and low-nutrient-adapted species of New Zealand tussock grasses (Chionochloa), barley (Hordeum), and several taiga trees were grown at three rates of phosphorus supply. Low-nutrient-adapted species in each group of species had similar (grasses) or lower (trees) capacities for phosphate absorption, were less efficient in producing biomass (i.e. had higher nutrient concentrations), and grew more slowly than high-nutrient-adapted species. I conclude that the major adaptation to low nutrient availability in each of these comparisons is a slow growth rate that reduces the annual nutrient requirement.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181967
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Detecting changes in soil carbon in CO2 enrichment experiments (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 187 (1995), S. 135-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): annual grassland ; carbon-13 ; carbon dioxide ; carbon storage ; serpentine soil ; soil carbon ; statistical power
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract After four growing seasons, elevated CO2 did not significantly alter surface soil C pools in two intact annual grasslands. However, soil C pools in these systems are large compared to the likely changes caused by elevated CO2. We calculated statistical power to detect changes in soil C, using an approach applicable to all elevated CO2 experiments. The distinctive isotopic signature of the fossil-fuel-derived CO2 added to the elevated CO2 treatment provides a C tracer to determine the rate of incorporation of newly-fixed C into soil. This rate constrains the size of the possible effect of eievated CO2 on soil C. Even after four years of treatment, statistical power to detect plausible changes in soil C under elevated CO2 is quite low. Analysis of other elevated CO2 experiments in the literature indicates that either CO2 does not affect soil C content, or that reported CO2 effects on soil C are too large to be a simple consequence of increased plant carbon inputs, suggesting that other mechanisms are involved, or that the differences are due to chance. Determining the effects of elevated CO2 on total soil C and long-term C storage requires more powerful experimental techniques or experiments of longer duration.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00017086
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Elevated CO2 and nutrient addition after soil N cycling and N trace gas fluxes with early season wet-up in a California annual grassland (1997)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 37 (1997), S. 89-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Schlagwort(e): annual grassland ; elevated CO2 ; first autumn rains ; gross mineralization ; gross nitrification ; 15N ; 15N pool dilution ; NO ; N2O ; NPK fertilizer ; trace gases
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract We examined the effects of growth carbon dioxide (CO2)concentration and soil nutrient availability on nitrogen (N)transformations and N trace gas fluxes in California grasslandmicrocosms during early-season wet-up, a time when rates of Ntransformation and N trace gas flux are high. After plant senescenceand summer drought, we simulated the first fall rains and examined Ncycling. Growth at elevated CO2 increased root productionand root carbon:nitrogen ratio. Under nutrient enrichment, elevatedCO2 increased microbial N immobilization during wet-up,leading to a 43% reduction in gross nitrification anda 55% reduction in NO emission from soil. ElevatedCO2 increased microbial N immobilization at ambientnutrients, but did not alter nitrification or NO emission. ElevatedCO2 did not alter soil emission of N2O ateither nutrient level. Addition of NPK fertilizer (1:1:1) stimulatedN mineralization and nitrification, leading to increased N2Oand NO emission from soil. The results of our study support a mechanisticmodel in which elevated CO2 alters soil N cycling and NOemission: increased root production and increased C:N ratio in elevatedCO2 stimulate N immobilization, thereby decreasingnitrification and associated NO emission when nutrients are abundant.This model is consistent with our basic understanding of how C availabilityinfluences soil N cycling and thus may apply to many terrestrial ecosystems.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005747123463
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Decomposition of litter produced under elevated CO2: Dependence on plant species and nutrient supply (1997)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 36 (1997), S. 223-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Schlagwort(e): decomposition ; elevated CO2 ; litter quality ; nitrogen mineralization ; serpentine grassland
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract We investigated the effect of CO2 concentration and soilnutrient availability during growth on the subsequent decomposition andnitrogen (N) release from litter of four annual grasses that differ inresource requirements and native habitat. Vulpia microstachys isa native grass found on California serpentine soils, whereas Avenafatua, Bromus hordaceus, and Lolium multiflorum areintroduced grasses restricted to more fertile sandstone soils (Hobbs & Mooney 1991). Growth in elevated CO2 altered litter C:N ratio,decomposition, and N release, but the direction and magnitude of thechanges differed among plant species and nutrient treatments. ElevatedCO2 had relatively modest effects on C:N ratio of litter,increasing this ratio in Lolium roots (and shoots at high nutrients),but decreasing C:N ratio in Avena shoots. Growth of plants underelevated CO2 decreased the decomposition rate of Vulpialitter, but increased decomposition of Avena litter from the high-nutrient treatment. The impact of elevated CO2 on N loss fromlitter also differed among species, with Vulpia litter from high-CO2 plants releasing N more slowly than ambient-CO2litter, whereas growth under elevated CO2 caused increased Nloss from Avena litter. CO2 effects on N release in Lolium and Bromus depended on the nutrient regime in whichplants were grown. There was no overall relationship between litter C:Nratio and decomposition rate or N release across species and treatments.Based on our study and the literature, we conclude that the effects ofelevated CO2 on decomposition and N release from litter arehighly species-specific. These results do not support the hypothesis thatCO2 effects on litter quality consistently lead to decreasednutrient availability in nutrient-limited ecosystems exposed to elevatedCO2.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005705300959
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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