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  • Articles  (5)
  • Arctic charr  (5)
  • Biology  (5)
  • Chemistry and Pharmacology  (2)
  • Mathematics
  • Natural Sciences in General
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in brain serotonergic activity during hierarchic behavior in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus L.) are socially induced (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 170 (1992), S. 93-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Arctic charr ; Dominance hierarchy ; Aggression ; Serotonin ; Growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The experiment was performed in two phases. During the first phase (phase 1) the dominance hierarchy was determined in 4 groups of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus L.), each group consisting of 4 fish. Phase 2 was started by rearranging phase 1 fish into 4 new groups. Group 1 consisted of previously dominant fish and groups 2, 3 and 4 of fish that previously held rank 2, 3 and 4, respectively. After phase 2 telencephalon and brain stem were analyzed with regard to their contents of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), the principle metabolite of 5-HT. No correlation was found between the social rank (measured as dominance index) during phase 1 and the brain serotonergic activity (measured as the ratio 5-HIAA/5-HT) determined after phase 2. However, most important, the 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio was significantly correlated with the last experienced social rank, i.e. that acquired during phase 2. These results shows that the difference in brain serotonergic activity between dominant and subordinate fish develops through social interactions. Further, we found that previous subordinate experience inhibited aggressive behavior, an effect which, in the light of available information on stress and 5-HT, could be related to the increase in brain serotonergic activity. We hypothesize that stress induces an increased serotonergic activity which in turn inhibits the neuronal circuitry which mediates aggressive behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00190404
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Social rank and brain levels of monoamines and monoamine metabolites in Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 168 (1991), S. 241-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Arctic charr ; Dominance hierarchy ; Aggression ; Catecholamines ; Serotonin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Dominance hierarchy was determined in 5 groups of juvenile Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus), each group consisting of 4 fish. Telencephalon and brain stem (remaining parts of the brain) were analyzed with regard to their content of monoamines and monoamine metabolites. No significant differences were observed in the concentrations of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), or serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) between fish with different social rank. However, the concentration of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), the principle metabolite of 5-HT, was significantly higher in subordinate fish, and a significant inverse linear correlation was found between 5-HIAA concentration and social rank (as measured by dominance index) in the brain stem. In the telencephalon the dominant fish had a significantly higher level of homovanillic acid (HVA), a major DA metabolite. These findings indicate a greater serotonergic activity, possibly associated with increased stress, as well as a lower dopaminergic activity, possibly associated with reduced aggression, in subordinate charr. The differences between dominant and subordinate fish could either be caused by social interactions or reflect innate individual differences in monoamine utilization, predisposing individuals for dominant or subordinate positions in the dominance hierarchy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218416
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Food search behavior in arctic charr,Salvelinus alpinus (L.), induced by food extracts and amino acids (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 1987-1998 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Amino acids ; Arctic charr ; fish ; food extract ; food search behavior ; Salvelinus alpinus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Food search behavior in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) to extracts of granulated food was quantified and compared with the response to solutions of amino acid mixtures. The concentration of each of 18 amino acids was analyzed in the food extract and similar pure amino acid solutions were prepared. Earlier published electrophysiological data and the data of concentrations in the test area were used to order the amino acids with respect to their presumed contribution to the stimulatory effect of the food extract. The 18 amino acids were tested collectively (18 aa) or were divided into two groups, one group containing 7 amino acids (7 aa) which was presumed to have a high stimulatory effect and the other group containing the remaining 11 amino acids (11 aa). The solutions of 7, 11, and 18 aa were stimulatory at concentrations between 2 and 5 × 10−6 M, but no significant responses were observed at 2–5 × 10−9 M. This can be compared with the food extract which elicited response at all concentrations tested, i.e., the total concentrations of 18 amino acids were 5 × 10−9, 5 × 10−8, 5 × 10−7, and 5 × 10−6 M. The response to the 18 aa solution was compared with the food extract and was shown to be significantly lower at 5 × 10−9 M but not at 5 × 10−6 M. These results show that amino acids induce food search behavior in Arctic charr, but there are other substances which also contribute to the stimulatory effect of the food extract.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01041948
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Further studies concerning chemoattraction among fry of arctic charr [Salvelinus alpinus (L.)] to water conditioned by conspecifics (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2081-2090 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Arctic charr ; chemoattraction ; conspecific odor ; fry ; rheotactic response ; salmonids ; Salvelinus alpinus ; sympatric populations ; Y maze
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Chemoattraction of fry of Arctic charr [Salvelinus alpinus (L.)] to water scented by conspecifics of the same age was studied in a Y-maze fluviarium. The fry were offspring of two sympatric populations. Specimens of one of the two populations were indifferent to conspecific odor during the two-month experimental period. Specimens of the other population showed significant attraction to water scented by either population when their mean fresh weight was higher than 0.09 g. A significant difference in rheotactic response also was observed. Offspring of the population spawning in an inlet stream showed less motivation for upstream swimming, although they were significantly attracted to conspecific odor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020518
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lipids of arctic charr,Salvelinus alpinus (L.) II. Influence of dietary fatty acids on the elongation and desaturation of linoleic and linolenic acid (1992)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 9 (1992), S. 393-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: Arctic charr ; diet ; lipid ; polyunsaturated fatty acids ; elongation ; desaturation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Arctic charr,Salvelinus alpinus L. were fed five test diets containing 0% or 1% of different polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for 93 days. The fish were injected intraperitoneally with (1−14C)–18:2(n−6) or (1−14C)–18:3(n−3), and the bioconversion to longer chain PUFA studied. The conversion rate in neutral lipids was slow, with most label found as the fatty acid injected, while extensive modification took place prior to or during incorporation into polar lipids. Linolenic acid was preferred over linoleic acid as substrate for elongation and desaturation regardless of diet. In polar lipids, the predominant products of (1−14C)–18:2(n−6) metabolism were generally 20:3(n−6) and 20:4(n−6), while 18:4(n−3), 20:5(n−3) and 22:6(n−3) were the major products of (1−14C)–18:3(n−3) metabolism. The lack of radioactivity in 22:5(n−6) suggests that Δ 4 desaturation is specific for (n−3) PUFA. Feeding the PUFA deficient diet reduced the Δ 5 desaturation compared to fish maintained on PUFA supplemented diets. The Δ 6 desaturation was only reduced in fish fed C18 PUFA and injected with (1−14C)–18:3(n−3). Longer chain C20 and C22 PUFA, particularly those of the (n−3) family, exerted some inhibition on the elongation and desaturation of injected fatty acids compared to those fed C18 PUFA. The incorporation of radiolabelled fatty acids into polar lipids of fish fed a commercial diet was very low, and the desaturation neglectible in both polar and neutral lipids, showing that Arctic charr under culture conditions do not convert short chain PUFA to longer chain metabolites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02274220
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