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  • 1
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    Downstream evolution of the Kuroshio's time-varying transport and velocity structure (2017)
    John Wiley & Sons
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2017. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 122 (2017): 3519–3542, doi:10.1002/2016JC012519.
    Description: Observations from two companion field programs—Origins of the Kuroshio and Mindanao Current (OKMC) and Observations of Kuroshio Transport Variability (OKTV)—are used here to examine the Kuroshio's temporal and spatial evolution. Kuroshio strength and velocity structure were measured between June 2012 and November 2014 with pressure-sensor equipped inverted echo sounders (PIESs) and upward-looking acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) deployed across the current northeast of Luzon, Philippines, and east of Taiwan with an 8 month overlap in the two arrays' deployment periods. The time-mean net (i.e., integrated from the surface to the bottom) absolute transport increases downstream from 7.3 Sv (±4.4 Sv standard error) northeast of Luzon to 13.7 Sv (±3.6 Sv) east of Taiwan. The observed downstream increase is consistent with the return flow predicted by the simple Sverdrup relation and the mean wind stress curl field over the North Pacific (despite the complicated bathymetry and gaps along the North Pacific western boundary). Northeast of Luzon, the Kuroshio—bounded by the 0 m s−1 isotach—is shallower than 750 dbar, while east of Taiwan areas of positive flow reach to the seafloor (3000 m). Both arrays indicate a deep counterflow beneath the poleward-flowing Kuroshio (–10.3 ± 2.3 Sv by Luzon and −12.5 ± 1.2 Sv east of Taiwan). Time-varying transports and velocities indicate the strong influence at both sections of westward propagating eddies from the ocean interior. Topography associated with the ridges east of Taiwan also influences the mean and time-varying velocity structure there.
    Description: Office of Naval Research (ONR) Grant Numbers: N00014-15-12593 , N00014-16-13069; Taiwan's Ministry of Science and Technology Grant Numbers: NSC 101-2611-M-002-018-MY3 , MOST 103-2611-M-002-011 , MOST 105-2119-M-002-042; ONR Grant Numbers: N00014-10-1-0308 , N00015-10-1-0469
    Description: 2017-11-02
    Keywords: Kuroshio ; PIES ; ADCP ; Eddies ; Western boundary current ; Altimetry
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 2
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    Performance of an absolute velocity profiler based on acoustic doppler and electromagnetic principles (2018)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: This report describes the performance of a freely-falling velocity profiler called the Absolute Velocity Profiler (AVP) . The AVP is distinguishable from our previously developed velocity profiler the Electro-Magnetic Velocity Profiler (EMVP) in that acoustic Doppler measurements are used, to determine the reference velocity for the EMVP profiles. The AVP contains the essential measurements of the motional electric currents in the sea as implemented in the EMVP and in addition, collects acoustic Doppler measurements of frequencyshifted bottom echoes. The former measurements yield a profile of the horizontal components of velocity relative to a reference velocity, independent of depth, while the latter measurements determine the absolute velocity of the AVP vehicle with respect to the sea floor. The EM profile is obtained from the sea surface to bottom, and the acoustic Doppler measurements are made within about 300 m of the sea floor. The combination of the EM and acoustic Doppler measurements yields an absolute velocity profile throughout the water column. Performance analyses included in this report set method uncertainties of between 1 and 2 cm/s r.m.s. Measurements of temperature and its gradient are also made.
    Description: Prepared for the National Science Foundation, Office of the International Decade of Ocean Exploration under Grant OCE76-24605.
    Keywords: Doppler effect ; Electromagnetism ; Ocean currents ; Oceanographic instruments
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 3
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    Eddies, islands, and mixing (2018)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Also published as Journal of Geophysical Research, 83(C6), 1978, pp. 2921–2938
    Description: As part of a field study of the relation between fine scale and large‐scale variations of water properties in the western North Atlantic, the waters in the vicinity of Bermuda were investigated in detail. Previous work in the area had revealed regions of intense temperature fine structure confined to the sides of the island. Generally quieter levels of activity elsewhere in the midocean have suggested that significant mixing might only occur at the solid and fluid boundaries of the ocean. During the course of our investigation, two Gulf Stream rings were found in the vicinity of the island. The exchange of water between them caused three regions of strong alongshore flow. In these three areas we find elevated levels of temperature fine structure in the upper 800 m as measured by the variance in the temperature gradient normalized by the square of the mean temperature gradient over the interval. The normalized temperature variances on small scales (0.2–1 m) are most energetic in patches tightly bound to the island sides, whereas the fine structure on larger scales (5–25 m) is also energetic away from the island in a region of outflow. Velocity profiles show that vertical scales shorten as one approaches the island, and the energy increases in the counterclockwise component. There is no correlation evident between the shear measurements of the internal wave field and the intensity of the fine structure. Possible mechanisms for the production of fine structure are explored within the context of these observations.
    Description: This research was carried out with funding from the Office of Naval Research under contracts NOOOI4-74-C- 0262 NR083-004 (N .G.H. and T.B.S.) and the National Science Foundation under grant OCE74-19608 (E.J.K.).
    Keywords: Oceanic mixing ; Turbulence ; Ocean currents
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 4
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    Observations of the cold wake of Typhoon Fanapi (2010) (2014)
    John Wiley & Sons
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2013. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 40 (2013): 316–321, doi:10.1029/2012GL054282.
    Description: Several tens of thousands of temperature profiles are used to investigate the thermal evolution of the cold wake of Typhoon Fanapi, 2010. Typhoon Fanapi formed a cold wake in the Western North Pacific Ocean on 18 September characterized by a mixed layer that was 〉2.5 °C cooler than the surrounding water, and extending to 〉80 m, twice as deep as the preexisting mixed layer. The initial cold wake became capped after 4 days as a warm, thin surface layer formed. The thickness of the capped wake, defined as the 26 °C–27 °C layer, decreased, approaching the background thickness of this layer with an e-folding time of 23 days, almost twice the e-folding lifetime of the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) cold wake (12 days). The wake was advected several hundreds of kilometers from the storm track by a preexisting mesoscale eddy. The observations reveal new intricacies of cold wake evolution and demonstrate the challenges of describing the thermal structure of the upper ocean using sea surface information alone.
    Description: This work is primarily supported by the U.S. Office of Naval Research, with additional support from the National Science Foundation and the National Science Council, Taiwan.
    Keywords: Cold wake ; Tropical cyclone ; Fossilized mixed layer ; Mesoscale stirring ; Typhoon
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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    Format: application/msword
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