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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of hypophosphite contents and surface treatment on electroplated Co-Ni-P thin films : 37th Annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 73 (1993), S. 5575-5577 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: This article describes the effects of sodium hypophosphite (hypo) content in cobalt nickel sulfate bath, and the duration of surface treatment prior to electroplating, on the magnetic, structural, and electrical properties of Co-Ni-P thin films. The coercivity of the Co-Ni-P layer can be controlled independently either by hypo content or by surface treatment. Transmission electron microscopy microstructure indicates that the width of grain boundaries of Co-Ni-P films is influenced by hypo in the magnetic bath. The mechanism of the coercivity increase by hypo in the bath is thought to result from magnetostatic or exchange decoupling at phosphorus-rich grain boundaries. Effects of these factors on media noise can be well-explained by the microstructural change of Co-Ni-P layers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.353655
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Large-Area Back-Illuminated CCD Imager Development (1998)
    Springer
    Experimental astronomy 8 (1998), S. 31-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9508
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We describe recent work in the area of large, back-illuminated CCD imagers at M.I.T. Lincoln Laboratory as well as new technology applicable to astronomy. We completed in 1995 the development of a 2560 x 1960-pixel frame-transfer imager that filled a 100-mm wafer and several back-illuminated versions of this device were completed. More recently we have begun the development, in collaboration with the U. of Hawaii, of a three-side abuttable 2k x 4k CCD for a multi-chip focal plane. In the unused chord area of the wafer layout, we added test imagers as development vehicles for blooming control and for the demonstration of a CCD that is capable of charge transfer in all four directions. We expect the latter to find application as an electronic means of performing tip-tilt correction to compensate for atmospheric turbulence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008040220999
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Corrosion Behavior of Sulfidation-Resistant Fe–Mo–Al Alloys in H2/H2S Atmospheres at 900°C (2000)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 54 (2000), S. 103-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Fe–Mo–Al ; sulfidation ; Al2O3 ; protective scale ; sulfidation-resistant alloys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The corrosion behavior of Fe–22Mo–10Al (a/o, atom %),Fe–20.5Mo–15.7Al, and Fe–10Mo–19Al was examined inflowing H2/H2S gases of 4 Pa sulfur partial pressureat 900°C. Al2O3 was stable on all the alloys inthe atmospheres investigated. Fe–22Mo–10Al andFe–20.5Mo–15.7Al reacted slowly, following the parabolic ratelaw. Multilayered reaction products were formed on these alloys and it isuncertain which layer(s) provided the protection. Fe–10Mo–19Alreacted even more slowly, exhibiting two-stage parabolic kinetics. Duringthe early stage of this alloy's reaction, a preferential reaction zone,consisting of an oxide mixture, possibly Al2O3+FeAl2O4,and nonreacting Fe3Mo2, provided the protection. Duringthe later reaction stage, the formation of a continuous, externalAl2O3 layer further decreased the alloy reaction rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004654713700
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of nanocrystallization on the corrosion resistance of K38G superalloy in CO + CO2 atmospheres (1997)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 48 (1997), S. 497-509 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: corrosion ; CO + CO2 ; K38G alloy ; grain-boundary diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The corrosion resistance of the cast superalloy K38G and a sputtered nanocrystalline coating of the same material was investigated in pure CO in the temperature range, 850–1000°C and in CO-20 vol.% CO2 at 900°C. The cast K38G alloy formed Cr2O3 and TiO2 scales, and a zone of internal Al2O3 precipitation. Weight-gain kinetics followed the parabolic rate law under all conditions investigated. The sputtered K38G nanocrystalline coating, however, formed a single-phase Al2O3 scale and no internal-oxidation zone. The parabolic rate constants for nanocrystalline coating oxidation were about one order of magnitude smaller than those of the cast alloy. The changes in reaction morphology and rate are attributed to the more rapid grain-boundary diffusion of aluminum in the nanocrystalline material.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02153462
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    “Logarithmic” kinetics in thin film tarnishing (1972)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 5 (1972), S. 241-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A brief review of oxidation theories indicates that no sound theory of general applicability exists for the direct logarithmic tarnishing kinetics attributed to many metals at low temperatures. Data previously cited in support of two stages of direct logarithmic growth are fitted to other better-founded rate laws. On the basis of this analysis, it is concluded that little, if any, justification exists in support of a two-stage direct logarithmic law. Thus,for example, the data for zinc oxidation can be interpreted in terms of the Mott-Cabrera theory, with the resulting kinetic parameters having values in accord with those estimated from the theory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609661
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors Affecting Chromium Carbide Precipitate Dissolution During Alloy Oxidation (1998)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 50 (1998), S. 139-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: IRON BASE ALLOYS ; MULTIPHASE ALLOY OXIDATION ; RESERVOIR EFFECT ; CARBIDE DISSOLUTION
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Ferrous alloys containing significant volumefractions of chromium carbides were formulated so as tocontain an overall chromium level of 15% (by weight) buta nominal metal matrix chromium concentration of only 11%. Their oxidation at 850°C inpure oxygen led to either protectiveCr2O3 scale formation accompaniedby subsurface carbide dissolution or rapid growth ofiron-rich oxide scales associated with rapid alloy surface recession, which engulfedthe carbides before they could dissolve. Carbide sizewas important in austenitic alloys: an as-castFe-15Cr-0.5C alloy contained relatively coarse carbides and failed to form aCr2O3 scale, whereas the samealloy when hot-forged to produce very fine carbidesoxidized protectively. In ferritic alloys, however, evencoarse carbides dissolved sufficiently rapidly to provide the chromium flux necessary to formand maintain the growth of a Cr2O3scale, a result attributed to the high diffusivity ofthe ferrite phase. Small additions of silicon to theas-cast Fe-15Cr-0.5C alloy rendered it ferritic and led toprotective Cr2O3 growth. However,when the silicon-containing alloy was made austenitic(by the addition of nickel), it still formed aprotective Cr2O3 scale, showing that the principal function of silicon was inmodifying the scale-alloy interface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018880019395
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The phototarnishing of silver and copper. Part II (1975)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 9 (1975), S. 117-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: solid halide spectra ; solid-state photolysis ; linear scaling kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Tarnishing of silver and copper at room temperatures in the presence of CH3I, HI, CH3Br, and HBr is caused by absorption of ultraviolet light of appropriate frequency by the growing metal halide scale. No appreciable thermal tarnishing of silver or copper is observed in the presence of these gases at room temperature. The kinetics of the phototarnishing reactions are linear and the rate depends linearly on the incident light intensity. It is concluded that the primary photochemical process is the production in the metal halides of free electrons which then react with adsorbed gas molecules, thereby propagating the reaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00613226
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphological development of oxide-sulfide scales on iron and iron-manganese alloys (1987)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 28 (1987), S. 165-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Iron ; iron-manganese alloys ; oxidation-sulfidation ; scale morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Pure iron and alloys containing 2, 15, 25, and 50 wt. % manganese have been reacted at 1073 K in controlled gas atmospheres of SO 2-CO 2-CO-N 2.Equilibrium gas compositions were such that (1) FeS was stable but not FeO, or (2) both FeS and FeO were stable, or (3) FeO was stable but not FeS; in all cases, both MnS and MnO were stable. Under all reaction conditions, pure iron corroded to produce both sulfide and oxide. The resultant scale morphologies were consistent with local solid-gas equilibrium for the case in which both oxide and sulfide were stable but in the other cases indicated that equilibrium was not achieved and that direct reaction with SO 2 (g) was responsible for corrosion. Additions of manganese did not greatly alter the scale morphologies. Under reaction conditions that were oxidizing and sulfidizing, very high levels of manganese were required to reduce the corrosion rate. On the other hand, relatively low levels had a beneficial effect both when FeO but not FeS was thermodynamically stable and similarly when FeS but not FeO was stable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00656705
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carburization kinetics of heat-resistant steels (1982)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 18 (1982), S. 229-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Austenitic steels ; carburization ; carbon diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A series of 21 commercial austenitic heat-resistant alloys was carburized in H2-C3H6 atmospheres which were reducing to Cr2O3 and SiO2 and which provided a carbon activity of one. Reactions were carried out at 900⩽T⩽1100°C and the resulting depth of carburization was measured metallographically. All alloys showed parabolic carburization kinetics after an initial brief period, at low temperatures, of more rapid reaction. The apparent activation energies for carburization are discussed in terms of carbon solubilities and diffusion coefficients. It is concluded that Wagner's theory of internal oxidation is quantitatively applicable to simple alloys but not to alloys which contain additions of reactive elements. The effectiveness of additions of niobium, aluminum, titanium, and silicon is demonstrated and is discussed in the context of Wagner's theory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00656570
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of scale constitution on the carburization of heat resistant steels (1986)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 26 (1986), S. 417-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: cyclic carburization-oxidation ; carbides ; austenite ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Several austenitic heat-resistant steels were exposed to alternating periods of carburization at 1273 K [a c= 1,po2〈10−28 atm] and oxidation at 973°K [a c≈ O,po2 = 0.2 atm]. In all cases the depth of internal carbide precipitation increased with cumulative carburization time. It was found that the carburization rates of high nickel content alloys were unaffected by intermittent oxidation cycles, whereas the low nickel, high iron content alloys experienced a reduction in carburization rate subsequent to oxidation treatment. The latter group of alloys formed external scales of chromium-rich M7C3 which were shown by sulfur tracing experiments to be gas permeable. It was concluded, therefore, that oxidation of these materials led to blockage of cracks and holes in the scales, thereby decreasing the surface carbon activity and hence the carburization rate. High nickel, low iron alloys formed external scales of chromium-rich M7C3 covered by Cr3C2. These scales were shown to have very low gas permeabilities. It was concluded that the carbon activity at the surface of these alloys was controlled by scale-alloy equilibration, and was therefore not affected by brief periods of oxidation. The pattern of carbide scale formation is qualitatively consistent with the thermodynamics of the Fe-Cr-C system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00659345
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