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  • Air Transportation and Safety  (10)
  • Launch Vehicles and Launch Operations  (4)
  • 1
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    Software System Safety and the NASA Aeronautics Blueprint (2002)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-02
    Description: NASA's Aeronautics Blueprint lays out a research agenda for the Agency s aeronautics program. The word software appears only four times in this Blueprint, but the critical importance of safe and correct software to the fulfillment of the proposed research is evident on almost every page. Most of the technology solutions proposed to address challenges in aviation are software dependent technologies. Of the fifty-two specific technology solutions described in the Blueprint, forty-one depend, at least in part, on software for success. For thirty-five of these forty-one, software is not only critical to success, but also to human safety. That is, implementing the technology solutions will require using software in such a way that it may, if not specified, designed, and implemented properly, lead to fatal accidents. These results have at least two implications for the research based on the Blueprint: (1) knowledge about the current state-of-the-art and state-of-the-practice in software engineering and software system safety is essential, and (2) research into current unsolved problems in these software disciplines is also essential.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    Aerodynamic Characteristics and Glide-Back Performance of Langley Glide-Back Booster (2004)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: NASA-Langley Research Center is conducting system level studies on an-house concept of a small launch vehicle to address NASA's needs for rapid deployment of small payloads to Low Earth Orbit. The vehicle concept is a three-stage system with a reusable first stage and expendable upper stages. The reusable first stage booster, which glides back to launch site after staging around Mach 3 is named the Langley Glide-Back Booster (LGBB). This paper discusses the aerodynamic characteristics of the LGBB from subsonic to supersonic speeds, development of the aerodynamic database and application of this database to evaluate the glide back performance of the LGBB. The aerodynamic database was assembled using a combination of wind tunnel test data and engineering level analysis. The glide back performance of the LGBB was evaluated using a trajectory optimization code and subject to constraints on angle of attack, dynamic pressure and normal acceleration.
    Keywords: Launch Vehicles and Launch Operations
    Type: AIAA Paper 2004-5382 , 22nd AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference and Exhibit; Aug 16, 2004 - Aug 19, 2004; Providence, RI; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    X-33 Aerodynamic and Aeroheating Computations for Wind Tunnel and Flight Conditions (1999)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This report provides an overview of hypersonic Computational Fluid Dynamics research conducted at the NASA Langley Research Center to support the Phase II development of the X-33 vehicle. The X-33, which is being developed by Lockheed-Martin in partnership with NASA, is an experimental Single-Stage-to-Orbit demonstrator that is intended to validate critical technologies for a full-scale Reusable Launch Vehicle. As part of the development of the X-33, CFD codes have been used to predict the aerodynamic and aeroheating characteristics of the vehicle. Laminar and turbulent predictions were generated for the X 33 vehicle using two finite- volume, Navier-Stokes solvers. Inviscid solutions were also generated with an Euler code. Computations were performed for Mach numbers of 4.0 to 10.0 at angles-of-attack from 10 deg to 48 deg with body flap deflections of 0, 10 and 20 deg. Comparisons between predictions and wind tunnel aerodynamic and aeroheating data are presented in this paper. Aeroheating and aerodynamic predictions for flight conditions are also presented.
    Keywords: Launch Vehicles and Launch Operations
    Type: AIAA Paper 99-4163 , AIAA Atmospheric Flight Mechanics Conference; Aug 09, 1999 - Aug 11, 1999; Portland, OR; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    Perspectives on Unmanned Aircraft Classification for Civil Airworthiness Standards (2013)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The use of unmanned aircraft in the National Airspace System (NAS) has been characterized as the next great step forward in the evolution of civil aviation. Although use of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) in military and public service operations is proliferating, civil use of UAS remains limited in the United States today. This report focuses on one particular regulatory challenge: classifying UAS to assign airworthiness standards. This paper provides observations related to how the current regulations for classifying manned aircraft could apply to UAS.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: NASA/TM-2013-217969 , L-20232 , NF1676L-16131
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 5
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    Second Workshop on the Investigation and Reporting of Incidents and Accidents, IRIA 2003 (2003)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: This publication consists of papers presented at the Second Workshop on the Investigation and Reporting of Incidents and Accidents, IRIA 2003, sponsored by NASA Langley Research Center and the University of Virginia.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: NASA/CP-2003-212642 , L-18324 , NAS 1.55:212642 , Second Workshop on the Investigation and Reporting of Incidents and Accidents, IRIA 2003; Sep 16, 2003 - Sep 19, 2003; Williamsburg, VA; United States
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 6
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    Modelling the Risks Remotely Piloted Aircraft Pose to People on the Ground (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-23
    Description: Worldwide there is much e ort being directed towards the development of a framework of air- worthiness regulations for remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS). It is now broadly accepted that regulations should have a strong foundation in, and traceability to, the management of the safety risks. Existing risk models for RPAS operations do not provide a simple means for incorporating the wide range of technical and operational controls into the risk analysis and evaluation processes. This paper describes a new approach for modelling and evaluating the risks associated with RPAS operations near populous areas based on the barrier bow tie (BBT) model. A BBT model is used to structure the underlying risk management problem. The model focuses risk analysis, evaluation, and decision making activities on the devices, people, and processes that can be employed to reduce risk. The BBT model and a comprehensive set of example risk controls are presented. The general model can be applied to any RPAS operation. The foundations for quantitative and qualitative assessments using a BBT model are also presented. The modelling and evaluation framework is illustrated through its application to a case-study rotary wing RPAS for two operational scenarios. The model can be used as a basis for determining airworthiness certification requirements for RPAS.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: NF1676L-25071 , Safety Science (ISSN 0925-7535); 101; 33-47
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 7
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    Orion Launch Abort Vehicle Attitude Control Motor Testing (2011)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Current Orion Launch Abort Vehicle (LAV) configurations use an eight-jet, solid-fueled Attitude Control Motor (ACM) to provide required vehicle control for all proposed abort trajectories. Due to the forward position of the ACM on the LAV, it is necessary to assess the effects of jet-interactions (JI) between the various ACM nozzle plumes and the external flow along the outside surfaces of the vehicle. These JI-induced changes in flight control characteristics must be accounted for in developing ACM operations and LAV flight characteristics. A test program to generate jet interaction aerodynamic increment data for multiple LAV configurations was conducted in the NASA Ames and NASA Langley Unitary Plan Wind Tunnels from August 2007 through December 2009. Using cold air as the simulant gas, powered subscale models were used to generate interaction data at subsonic, transonic, and supersonic test conditions. This paper presents an overview of the complete ACM JI experimental test program for Orion LAV configurations, highlighting ACM system modeling, nozzle scaling assumptions, experimental test techniques, and data reduction methodologies. Lessons learned are discussed, and sample jet interaction data are shown. These data, in conjunction with computational predictions, were used to create the ACM JI increments for all relevant flight databases.
    Keywords: Launch Vehicles and Launch Operations
    Type: AIAA Paper 2011-3343 , NF1676L-11717 , 29th AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference; Jun 27, 2011 - Jun 30, 2011; Honolulu, HI; United States
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 8
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    Considering Object Oriented Technology in Aviation Applications (2003)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Few developers of commercial aviation software products are using object-oriented technology (OOT), despite its popularity in some other industries. Safety concerns about using OOT in critical applications, uncertainty about how to comply with regulatory requirements, and basic conservatism within the aviation community have been factors behind this caution. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) have sponsored research to investigate and workshops to discuss safety and certification concerns about OOT and to develop recommendations for safe use. Two Object Oriented Technology in Aviation (OOTiA) workshops have been held and numerous issues and comments about the effect of OOT features and languages have been collected. This paper gives a high level overview of the OOTiA project, and discusses selected specific results from the March 2003 workshop. In particular, results in the form of questions to consider before making the decision to use OOT are presented.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: 22nd Digital Avionics Systems Conference; Oct 12, 2003 - Oct 16, 2003; Indianapolis, IN; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 9
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    Considerations of Unmanned Aircraft Classification for Civil Airworthiness Standards (2013)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The use of unmanned aircraft in the National Airspace System (NAS) has been characterized as the next great step forward in the evolution of civil aviation. Although use of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) in military and public service operations is proliferating, civil use of UAS remains limited in the United States today. This report focuses on one particular regulatory challenge: classifying UAS to assign airworthiness standards. Classification is useful for ensuring that meaningful differences in design are accommodated by certification to different standards, and that aircraft with similar risk profiles are held to similar standards. This paper provides observations related to how the current regulations for classifying manned aircraft, based on dimensions of aircraft class and operational aircraft categories, could apply to UAS. This report finds that existing aircraft classes are well aligned with the types of UAS that currently exist; however, the operational categories are more difficult to align to proposed UAS use in the NAS. Specifically, the factors used to group manned aircraft into similar risk profiles do not necessarily capture all relevant UAS risks. UAS classification is investigated through gathering approaches to classification from a broad spectrum of organizations, and then identifying and evaluating the classification factors from these approaches. This initial investigation concludes that factors in addition to those currently used today to group manned aircraft for the purpose of assigning airworthiness standards will be needed to adequately capture risks associated with UAS and their operations.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: NF1676L-16015 , NF1676L-16015 , AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference; Aug 19, 2013 - Aug 22, 2013; Boston, MA; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 10
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    SAFEGUARD: An Assured Safety Net Technology for UAS (2016)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: As demands increase to use unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) for a broad spectrum of commercial applications, regulatory authorities are examining how to safely integrate them without loss of safety or major disruption to existing airspace operations. This work addresses the development of the Safeguard system as an assured safety net technology for UAS. The Safeguard system monitors and enforces conformance to a set of rules defined prior to flight (e.g., geospatial stay-out or stay-in regions, speed limits, altitude limits). Safeguard operates independently of the UAS autopilot and is strategically designed in a way that can be realized by a small set of verifiable functions to simplify compliance with regulatory standards for commercial aircraft. A framework is described that decouples the system from any other devices on the UAS as well as introduces complementary positioning source(s) for applications that require integrity and availability beyond what the Global Positioning System (GPS) can provide. Additionally, the high level logic embedded within the software is presented, as well as the steps being taken toward verification and validation (V&V) of proper functionality. Next, an initial prototype implementation of the described system is disclosed. Lastly, future work including development, testing, and system V&V is summarized.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: NF1676L-25048 , Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC) 2016; Sep 25, 2016 - Sep 29, 2016; Sacramento, CA; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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