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  • 1
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    Empirical hazard mapping of small debris flows in Sarno (Italy) using LAHARZ (2007)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The catastrophic events that occurred in May 1998 in the area of Sarno (Southern Italy) highlight the destructive potential of debris flows, even when they are of relatively low magnitude. More than 130 people were killed and severe property damage took place when volcaniclastic debris flows triggered by heavy rainfall inundated various towns located in piedmont areas. This work investigates the suitability of LAHARZ, a GIS-assisted method for the automatic delineation of lahar inundation areas, for reproducing the May 1998 flows at Sarno. It was found that recalibration of the empirical relationship employed by LAHARZ is required in order to realistically hind-cast the inundation areas of considered events. The potential for further improvements in prediction outputs for this type of geomorphic setting is discussed, taking into account the observed lower mobility of these small volcaniclastic debris flows as compared to lahars of similar size.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Sarno ; LAHARZ ; Debris flows ; Lahars ; Debris flow modelling ; Hazard assessment ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    Volcaniclastic debris flow occurrences in the Campania region (southern Italy) and their relation to Holocene - late Pleistocene pyroclastic fall deposits: implications for large scale hazard mapping (2007)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The Campania Region (Southern Italy) is characterized by the frequent occurrence of volcaniclastic debris flows that produce damage to property and loss of life (more than 170 deaths between 1996 and 1999). Historical investigation allowed the identification of more than 500 events during the last four centuries; in particular, more than half of these occurred in the last 100 years, causing hundreds of deaths. The aim of this paper is to identify debris flow proneness and to quantify hazard. To this end, we compared several elements such as the thickness distribution of pyroclastic fall deposits from the last 18 ka of the Vesuvius and Phlegrean Fields volcanoes, the slopes of relieves, and the historical record of volcaniclastic debris flows from AD 1500 to the present. Results show that flow occurrence is not only a function of the cumulative thickness of past pyroclastic fall deposits but also depends on the age of emplacement. Deposits younger than 10 ka (Holocene eruptions) apparently increase the risk of debris flows, while those older than 10 ka (Late Pleistocene eruptions) seem to play a less prominent role. This is probably in relation to different climatic conditions, and therefore different rates of erosion of pyroclastic falls between the Holocene and the Late Pleistocene. Based on the above considerations, we compiled a large-scale debris flow hazard map of the study area in which five main hazard zones are identified: very low, low, moderate, high and very high.
    Description: Published
    Description: open
    Keywords: Debris flows ; Explosive eruptions ; Hazard mapping ; Hazard mapping ; Erosion ; Campania Region ; Southern Italy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 3
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    Volcaniclastic debris-flow occurrences in the Campania region (Southern Italy) and their relation to Holocene-Late Pleistocene pyroclastic fall deposits: implications for large-scale hazard mapping (2007)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The Campania Region (southern Italy) is characterized by the frequent occurrence of volcaniclastic debris flows that damage property and loss of life (more than 170 deaths between 1996 and 1999). Historical investigation allowed the identification of more than 500 events during the last four centuries; in particular, more than half of these occurred in the last 100 years, causing hundreds of deaths. The aim of this paper is to quantify debris-flow hazard potential in the Campania Region. To this end, we compared several elements such as the thickness distribution of pyroclastic fall deposits from the last 18 ka of the Vesuvius and Phlegrean Fields volcanoes, the slopes of relieves, and the historical record of volcaniclastic debris flows from A.D. 1500 to the present. Results show that flow occurrence is not only a function of the cumulative thickness of past pyroclastic fall deposits but also depends on the age of emplacement. Deposits younger than 10 ka (Holocene eruptions) apparently increase the risk of debris flows, while those older than 10 ka (Late Pleistocene eruptions) seem to play a less prominent role, which is probably due to different climatic conditions, and therefore different rates of erosion of pyroclastic falls between the Holocene and the Late Pleistocene. Based on the above considerations, we compiled a large-scale debris-flow hazard map of the study area in which five main hazard zones are identified: very low, low, moderate, high, and very high.
    Description: Published
    Description: 157-167
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: 5.4. TTC - Sistema Informativo Territoriale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Debris flows ; Explosive eruptions ; Hazard mapping ; Vesuvius volcano ; Erosion ; Campania region ; Southern Italy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 4
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    Stiffnites. Part II (2012)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The dynamics of a stiffnite are here inferred. A stiffnite is a sheet-shaped, gravity-driven submarine sediment flow, with a fabric made up of marine ooze. To infer stiffnite dynamics, order of magnitude estimations are used. Field deposits and experiments on materials taken from the literature are also used. Stiffnites can be tens or hundreds of kilometers wide, and a few centimeters/ meters thick. They move on the sea slopes over hundreds of kilometers, reaching submarine velocities as high as 100 m/s. Hard grain friction favors grain fragmentation and formation of triboelectrically electrified particles and triboplasma (i.e., ions + electrons). Marine lipids favor isolation of electrical charges. At first, two basic assumptions are introduced, and checked a posteriori: (a) in a flowing stiffnite, magnetic dipole moments develop, with the magnetization proportional to the shear rate. I have named those dipoles as Ambigua. (b) Ambigua are ‘vertically frozen’ along stiffnite streamlines. From (a) and (b), it follows that: (i) Ambigua create a magnetic field (at peak, 〉1 T). (ii) Lorentz forces sort stiffnite particles into two superimposed sheets. The lower sheet, L+, has a sandy granulometry and a net positive electrical charge density. The upper sheet, L–, has a silty muddy granulometry and a net negative electrical charge density; the grains of sheet L– become finer upwards. (iii) Faraday forces push ferromagnetic grains towards the base of a stiffnite, so that a peak of magnetic susceptibility characterizes a stiffnite deposit. (iv) Stiffnites harden considerably during their motion, due to magnetic confinement. Stiffnite deposits and inferred stiffnite characteristics are compatible with a stable flow behavior against bending, pinch, or other macro instabilities. In the present report, a consistent hypothesis about the nature of Ambigua is provided.
    Description: Published
    Description: 780-804
    Description: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Submarine sediment flows ; Magnetic fabric and anisotropy ; Magnetic confinement ; Shear polymer media ; Triboelectric fragmentation ; Magnetic dipole Ambigua ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.04. Marine geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.08. Sediments: dating, processes, transport ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.07. Rock magnetism
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 5
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    TINITALY/01: a new Triangular Irregular Network of Italy (2008)
    Editrice Compositori
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: A new Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the natural landforms of Italy is presented. A methodology is discussed to build a DEM over wide areas where elevation data from non-homogeneous (in density and accuracy) input sources are available. The input elevation data include contour lines and spot heights derived from the Italian Regional topographic maps, satellite-based global positioning system points, ground based and radar altimetry data. Owing to the great heterogeneity of the input data density, the DEM format that better preserves the original accuracy is a Triangular Irregular Network (TIN). A Delaunay-based TIN structure is improved by using the DEST algorithm that enhances input data by evaluating inferred break-lines. Accordingly to this approach, biased distributions in slopes and elevations are absent. To prevent discontinuities at the boundary between regions characterized by data with different resolution a cubic Hermite blending weight S-shaped function is adopted. The TIN of Italy consists of 1.39×109 triangles. The average triangle area ranges from 12 to about 13000 m2 accordingly to different morphologies and different sources. About 50% of the model has a local average triangle area 〈500 m2. The vertical accuracy of the obtained DEM is evaluated by more than 200000 sparse control points. The overall Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) is less than 3.5 m. The obtained national-scale DEM constitutes an useful support to carry out accurate geomorphological and geological investigations over large areas. The problem of choosing the best step size in deriving a grid from a TIN is then discussed and a method to quantify the loss of vertical information is presented as a function of the grid step. Some examples of DEM application are outlined. Under request, an high resolution stereo image database of the whole Italian territory (derived from the presented DEM) is available to browse via internet.
    Description: Published
    Description: 407-425
    Description: 5.4. TTC - Sistema Informativo Territoriale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Italy ; triangular irregular network ; DEM ; interpolation method ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.08. Sediments: dating, processes, transport
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 6
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    A rapid method to assess fire-related debris flow hazard in the Mediterranean region: An example from Sicily (southern Italy) (2012)
    Elsevier Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Increased atmospheric temperatures during the high-pressure which characterise the Mediterranean climate in the dry summer time, coupled with an increase in the intensity of storms in the following wet season over recent years, increase the risk of summer fires as well as debris flows and floods in the autumn and/or in the following years. In addition, the diffuse urbanization of Italy requires a rapid and reliable tool be available in order to obtain preliminary information, at the end of the summer season, that identifies newly fired areas that present a significant hazard to human populations. In such burned zones, soil instability may be more severe favouring debris flows which may impact on populated zones. Thus, in this paper we discuss a rapid methodology to: (i) identify burned areas using band ratio's using multitemporal LANDSAT ETM images; (ii) evaluate the potential of the burned areas as the source of debris flows based on morphometric parameters (slope and hill slope curvature); (iii) evaluate the structures, such as houses and roads, exposed to potential damage by debris flows. Hazardous areas were evaluated using a stochastical model coupled with an empirical relationship which accounts for the mobility of the debris flows. The methodology provides a classification of the most “dangerous” burned areas and the potentially maximum inundated downslope areas. This has been applied to Sicily for the period autumn 2001–autumn 2002. The total burned area was 76.37 km2. According to the classification proposed 6.4% of the burned areas were consider of very high to high hazard potential, 54.4% of medium hazard and 43.2% of low hazard potential.
    Description: Published
    Description: 217-231
    Description: 1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
    Description: 4.4. Scenari e mitigazione del rischio ambientale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Fires ; Debris flows ; GIS ; Hazard ; Southern Italy ; Sicily ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.01. Environmental risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 7
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    Stiffnites. Part I (2012)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: I identify the early phases of a particular kind of gravity-driven submarine sediment flow, that I have named immature stiffnite. The mature flow dynamics is originally presented in an accompanying report, referred to here as Pareschi [2011]. An immature stiffnite is constituted by a liquefied flowing mixture of muddy to sandy particles (sea floor ooze) in contact or in close proximity to each other, with inter-granular pores saturated in water. Sliding hard grains, including microshells, fragment during its motion. To infer the dynamics of an immature stiffnite, I consider deposits from the literature. In the literature, however, those deposits have not been well defined and they have often been confused with turbidites. Turbidites are water currents with suspended fine sediments that progressively settle-out down an incline. Stiffnites are triggered by events that create overpressure in intergrain pore water of the sea floor over wide areas. A peak of magnetic susceptibility can occur at the base of an immature stiffnite deposit.
    Description: Published
    Description: 762-778
    Description: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Submarine gravity-driven sediment flows ; Landslide and asteroid tsunamis ; Grain fragmentation-turbidites ; Subduction/thrust earthquakes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.04. Marine geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.08. Sediments: dating, processes, transport ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.07. Rock magnetism
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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