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  • *Water  (5)
  • Lunar and Planetary Exploration  (4)
  • INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY  (3)
  • 1
    Publication Date: 1998-12-16
    Description: Elevations from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) have been used to construct a precise topographic map of the martian north polar region. The northern ice cap has a maximum elevation of 3 kilometers above its surroundings but lies within a 5-kilometer-deep hemispheric depression that is contiguous with the area into which most outflow channels emptied. Polar cap topography displays evidence of modification by ablation, flow, and wind and is consistent with a primarily H2O composition. Correlation of topography with images suggests that the cap was more spatially extensive in the past. The cap volume of 1.2 x 10(6) to 1.7 x 10(6) cubic kilometers is about half that of the Greenland ice cap. Clouds observed over the polar cap are likely composed of CO2 that condensed out of the atmosphere during northern hemisphere winter. Many clouds exhibit dynamical structure likely caused by the interaction of propagating wave fronts with surface topography.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zuber, M T -- Smith, D E -- Solomon, S C -- Abshire, J B -- Afzal, R S -- Aharonson, O -- Fishbaugh, K -- Ford, P G -- Frey, H V -- Garvin, J B -- Head, J W -- Ivanov, A B -- Johnson, C L -- Muhleman, D O -- Neumann, G A -- Pettengill, G H -- Phillips, R J -- Sun, X -- Zwally, H J -- Banerdt, W B -- Duxbury, T C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 11;282(5396):2053-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. zuber@tharsis.gsfc.nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9851922" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Carbon Dioxide ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Ice ; *Mars ; *Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1999-12-11
    Description: High-resolution altimetric data define the detailed topography of the northern lowlands of Mars, and a range of data is consistent with the hypothesis that a lowland-encircling geologic contact represents the ancient shoreline of a large standing body of water present in middle Mars history. The contact altitude is close to an equipotential line, the topography is smoother at all scales below the contact than above it, the volume enclosed by this contact is within the range of estimates of available water on Mars, and a series of extensive terraces parallel the contact in many places.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Head, J W 3rd -- Hiesinger, H -- Ivanov, M A -- Kreslavsky, M A -- Pratt, S -- Thomson, B J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 10;286(5447):2134-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10591640" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Evolution, Planetary ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Mars ; Oceans and Seas ; *Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 1999-05-29
    Description: Elevations measured by the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter have yielded a high-accuracy global map of the topography of Mars. Dominant features include the low northern hemisphere, the Tharsis province, and the Hellas impact basin. The northern hemisphere depression is primarily a long-wavelength effect that has been shaped by an internal mechanism. The topography of Tharsis consists of two broad rises. Material excavated from Hellas contributes to the high elevation of the southern hemisphere and to the scarp along the hemispheric boundary. The present topography has three major drainage centers, with the northern lowlands being the largest. The two polar cap volumes yield an upper limit of the present surface water inventory of 3.2 to 4.7 million cubic kilometers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, D E -- Zuber, M T -- Solomon, S C -- Phillips, R J -- Head, J W -- Garvin, J B -- Banerdt, W B -- Muhleman, D O -- Pettengill, G H -- Neumann, G A -- Lemoine, F G -- Abshire, J B -- Aharonson, O -- Brown, C D -- Hauck, S A -- Ivanov, A B -- McGovern, P J -- Zwally, H J -- Duxbury, T C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 May 28;284(5419):1495-503.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Earth Sciences Directorate, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA. dsmith@tharsis.gsfc.nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10348732" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Evolution, Planetary ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ice ; *Mars ; *Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2006-01-21
    Description: Surface conditions on Mars are currently cold and dry, with water ice unstable on the surface except near the poles. However, geologically recent glacierlike landforms have been identified in the tropics and the midlatitudes of Mars. The ice has been proposed to originate from either a subsurface reservoir or the atmosphere. We present high-resolution climate simulations performed with a model designed to simulate the present-day Mars water cycle but assuming a 45 degrees obliquity as experienced by Mars a few million years ago. The model predicts ice accumulation in regions where glacier landforms are observed, on the western flanks of the great volcanoes and in the eastern Hellas region. This agreement points to an atmospheric origin for the ice and reveals how precipitation could have formed glaciers on Mars.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Forget, F -- Haberle, R M -- Montmessin, F -- Levrard, B -- Head, J W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jan 20;311(5759):368-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Universite Paris 6 Boite Postale 99, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France. forget@lmd.jussieu.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16424337" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Climate ; Computer Simulation ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Ice ; *Mars ; *Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2009-09-26
    Description: The search for water on the surface of the anhydrous Moon had remained an unfulfilled quest for 40 years. However, the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) on Chandrayaan-1 has recently detected absorption features near 2.8 to 3.0 micrometers on the surface of the Moon. For silicate bodies, such features are typically attributed to hydroxyl- and/or water-bearing materials. On the Moon, the feature is seen as a widely distributed absorption that appears strongest at cooler high latitudes and at several fresh feldspathic craters. The general lack of correlation of this feature in sunlit M3 data with neutron spectrometer hydrogen abundance data suggests that the formation and retention of hydroxyl and water are ongoing surficial processes. Hydroxyl/water production processes may feed polar cold traps and make the lunar regolith a candidate source of volatiles for human exploration.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pieters, C M -- Goswami, J N -- Clark, R N -- Annadurai, M -- Boardman, J -- Buratti, B -- Combe, J-P -- Dyar, M D -- Green, R -- Head, J W -- Hibbitts, C -- Hicks, M -- Isaacson, P -- Klima, R -- Kramer, G -- Kumar, S -- Livo, E -- Lundeen, S -- Malaret, E -- McCord, T -- Mustard, J -- Nettles, J -- Petro, N -- Runyon, C -- Staid, M -- Sunshine, J -- Taylor, L A -- Tompkins, S -- Varanasi, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Oct 23;326(5952):568-72. doi: 10.1126/science.1178658. Epub 2009 Sep 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA. carle_pieters@brown.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19779151" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Hydroxyl Radical ; Minerals ; *Moon ; Spacecraft ; Spectrum Analysis ; Sunlight ; Temperature ; *Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The first photographs of the moon taken with earthshine illumination by the Apollo 15 crew were examined. Emphasis in the analysis was placed on a comparison of predicted exposures and obtained exposures. The results of the investigation indicate the following: (1) The predicted exposure of the maria areas and the obtained exposures were in reasonably close agreement. (2) The apparent-albedo values obtained for the floor of Aristarchus Crater are seven times greater than those for the maria.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center Apollo 15 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 7 p
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  • 7
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The advantages resulting from the use of near-terminator photography in lunar surface investigations are discussed. It is pointed out that, under near-terminator conditions, small changes in slope produce greater contrast changes than at high sun elevation angles. This desirable phenomenon is confirmed by an examination of the near-terminator photography taken during the Apollo 15 mission. Many of the photographs obtained show lunar surface areas within a few degrees of the terminator and are therefore of significant geologic interest. In addition, many geologic features stand out in a distinct manner not normal in conventional lunar photography, thus providing additional data on the surface morphology and the configuration of a large number of lunar surface structures.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center Apollo 15 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 6 p
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  • 8
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Photographic results obtained during the Apollo 17 flight for the near terminator and earthshine conditions are discussed. Lunar surface photographs taken in the vicinity of the sunshine terminator provide important information that is not obtained on photographs taken at higher sun evaluation angles. Earthshine photography also provides data on low relief, crater morphology, and small scale structures. Examples of photographs of the lunar surface taken under both conditions are provided.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 7 p
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: The Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) is an instrument on the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) spacecraft that is currently providing the first high vertical and spatial resolution topographic measurements of surface elevations on Mars. The shot size in the mapping orbit is about 100 m and the shot-to-shot spacing is 330 m. The instrument has a vertical precision of 37.5 cm and a vertical accuracy that depends on the radial accuracy of the MGS orbit that is currently in the range 5-30 km. The initial focus on observations in the nominal mapping mission will be on the southern hemisphere, which was not sampled during the MGS aerobraking hiatus and Science Phasing orbits. During the first several weeks of global mapping there will be emphasis on producing a digital terrain model (DTM) of the Mars '98 landing site.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Exploration
    Type: Jun 01, 1999 - Jun 03, 1999; Boston, MA; United States
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2019-08-17
    Description: The age relations between geologic formations have been studied at 36 1000x1000 km areas centered at the dark paraboloid craters. The geologic setting in all these sites could be characterized using only 16 types of features and terrains (units). These units form a basic stratigraphic sequence (from older to younger: (1) Tessera (Tt); (2-3) Densely fractured terrains associated with coronae (COdf) and in the form of remnants among plains (Pdf); (4) Fractured and ridged plains (Pfr); (5) Plains with wrinkle ridges (Pwr); (6-7) Smooth and lobate plains (Ps/Pl); and (8) Rift-associated fractures (Fra). The stratigraphic position of the other units is determined by their relation with the units of the basic sequence: (9) Ridge bells (RB), contemporary with Pfr; (10-11) Ridges of coronae and arachnoids annuli (COar/Aar), contemporary with wrinkle ridges of Pwr; (12) Fractures of coronae annuli (COaf) disrupt Pwr and Ps/Pl; (13) Fractures (F) disrupt Pwr or younger units; (14) Craters with associated dark paraboloids (Cdp), which are on top of all volcanic and tectonic units except the youngest episodes of rift-associated fracturing and volcanism; (15-16) Surficial streaks (Ss) and surficial patches (Sp) are approximately contemporary with Cdp. These units may be used as a tentative basis for the geologic mapping of Venus including VMAP. This mapping should test the stratigraphy and answer the question of whether this stratigraphic sequence corresponds to geologic events which were generally synchronous all around the planet or whether the sequence is simply a typical sequence of events which occurred in different places at diffferent times.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Exploration
    Type: NASA/CR-1998-208860 , NAS 1.26:208860 , ; 9-10
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