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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zur Systematik der Kohlenstoff-Schwefel-Eisen-Verhältnisse in Auftriebssedimenten (1993)
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 82 (1993), S. 604-618 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: C/S-ratios ; upwelling sediments ; sulfate ; iron ; organic carbon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Abundances of organic carbon, sulfur, and reactive iron in sediments of three upwelling environments (Peru, Oman and Benguela) suggest that organic carbon/reduced sulfur ratios (C/S-ratios) in this category of marine sediments deviate considerably from previously established empirical ratios in normal marine sediments. To clarify the discrepancies, we investigated those components of the diagenetic system that limit the formation of pyrite: sulfate concentrations and reduction rates in pore waters, availability of reactive iron, and the quantity and quality of organic matter. All three limitations are evident in our sample pools. The results suggest that C/S-ratios in recent and fossil marine sediments rich in organic matter may be unsuitable as paleoenvironmental indicators.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00191488
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sex ratios in field populations of two parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of Coccus hesperidum L. (Homoptera: Coccidae) (1998)
    Springer
    Oecologia 116 (1998), S. 510-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Host quality ; Sex ratio ; Metaphyscus stanleyi ; Autoparasitoid ; Coccophagus semicircularis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We tested several assumptions and predictions of host-quality-dependent sex allocation theory (Charnov et al. 1981) with data obtained for the parasitoid Metaphycus stanleyi Compere on its host, brown soft scale (Coccus hesperidum L.), in a California citrus grove and in the laboratory. Scales ceased growing after parasitization by M. stanleyi. Thus, M. stanleyi may gauge host quality (=size) at oviposition. Host size positively influenced adult parasitoid size, and parasitoid size in turn influenced adult longevity of M. stanleyi. However, parasitoid fitness gains with host size and adult size were similar in males versus females. Sex allocation to individual hosts by M. stanleyi depended on host size; females consistently emerged from larger hosts than males. Host size was important in a relative sense; the mean host sizes of females versus males, and of solitary versus gregarious parasitoids varied with the available host size distribution. The offspring sex ratio of M. stanleyi reflected the available host size distribution; the sex ratio of emerging parasitoids varied with the available host size distribution. We did not detect a “critical host size” below which males emerged, and above which females emerged; rather, only females emerged from hosts in the upper size range, and a variable ratio of males and females emerged from hosts in the lower size range. We conclude that the sex ratio of field populations of M. stanleyi is driven largely by the available size distribution of C. hesperidum. In addition, we tested predictions resulting from theoretical analyses of sex allocation in autoparasitoids with data obtained on Coccophagus semicircularis (Förster) parasitizing brown soft scale in the field. The sex ratio of C. semicircularis was consistently and strongly female biased (ca. 90% females). Based on available theoretical analyses, we suggest that this sex ratio pattern may have resulted from a very low encounter rate of secondary hosts coupled with a strong time limitation in C. semicircularis females. This explanation was the most plausible given constraints stemming from the detection of secondary hosts, their variable location within primary hosts, and their handling times. Finally, the size of hosts which yielded single versus multiple parasitoids, and the sizes of these parasitoids, were compared. These comparisons suggested that: (1) M. stanleyi females gauge host sizes precisely, and in terms of female offspring; thus a fitness penalty is not incurred by females which share a host, while males benefit from sharing a host, and; (2) instances where multiple C. semicircularis emerged from a single host were probably the result of parasitism by different females, or during different encounters by a single female.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050616
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Verschiedene Methoden (1938)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 115 (1938), S. 372-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01753949
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies of the impact ofEuseius species (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on citrus mites using predator exclusion and predator release experiments (1992)
    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 15 (1992), S. 233-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To create plots with differential levels ofEuseius, malathion sprays, highly toxic to phytoseiids but of low toxicity to citrus red mite,Panonychus citri (CRM), and citrus thrips,Scirtothrips citri, were applied to blocks of “Valencia” oranges for three seasons (1984, 1985 and 1986) and “Eureka” lemons for one season (1985). Releases ofEuseius spp. were made in plots within the treated blocks. In 1984, CRM populations were highest in the treated/no release plot, lowest in the untreated and intermediate in the treated/Euseius stipulatus-release plot. In 1985, CRM populations were high in all plots in the oranges (including theE. tularensis release) except theE. stipulatus-release plot, and in all plots in the lemons except the untreated.Euseius releases in the lemons had no effect, apparently because they were followed by very hot weather. In 1986, CRM was very low in all plots.Euseius stipulatus became the dominant phytoseiid species even in theE. tularensis-release plots after a few weeks, indicating that this species colonized more readily and spread to other trees more rapidly than didE. tularensis. The results support the hypothesis thatE. stipulatus is an important mortality factor contributing to CRM control at low levels.Euseius stipulatus also may have a negative impact on the citrus rust mite,Phyllocoptruta oleivora. Citrus thrips populations were low during the entire study period and did not differ significantly between plots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01246565
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas syringe sampling at very low pressure (1991)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 32 (1991), S. 579-582 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Flame gas analysis ; Low pressure sampling ; Gas syringes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A new sampling technique is developed for flame samples taken at very low pressure (50 Torr absolute). This technique uses gas syringes. Analysis is by gas chromatography and the compounds of interest are the fixed gases and selected C1 and C2 hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Linear response factors are obtained for all compounds. This is highly unusual for gas-phase chlorinated hydrocarbon sampling, which is very prone to sample absorption. The sources of experimental error unique to gas syringe use are identified and quantified. One error source is exacerbated by the very low sample pressure and requires special treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02327907
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A survey of black scale,Saissetia oleae [Hom.: Coccidae] parasitoids [Hym.: Chalcidoidea] in southern California (1992)
    Springer
    BioControl 37 (1992), S. 373-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Saissetia oleae ; Chalcidoidea ; parasitoids ; biological control ; abundance ; Saissetia oleae ; Chalcidoidea ; parasitoïde ; lutte biologique ; abondance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un examen d'ensemble des parasitoïdes de la Cochenille noireSaissetia oleae (Olivier), présents en Californie méridionale a été conduit entre septembre 1987 et septembre 1989. 1 610 spécimens ont été obtenus à partir de 308 récoltes de rameaux d'agrumes d'olivier et de laurier-rose, infestés de cochenille noire et provenant de 19 sites. Les spécimens consistaient en neuf espèces de parasitoïdes primaires et six espèces de parasitoïdes secondaires. Les quatre espèces primaires suivantes étaient abondantes en Californie méridionale:Metaphycus bartletti Annecke et Mynhardt,Metaphycus helvolus (Compere),Scutellista caerulea (Fonscolombe) (=Scutellista cyanea Motschulsky) etDiversinervus elegans Silvestri. Les parasitoïdes secondaires les plus communs étaientMarietta mexicana (Howard),Cheiloneurus noxius Compere etTetrastichus minutus (Howard). Dans la région côtière du Sud de la Californie,M. bartletti était le parasitoïde le plus abondant, suivi dans l'ordre, parD. elegans, S. carulea etM. helvolus. Dans les régions intermédiaire et intérieure,M. helvolus était le plus abondant.D. elegans était second en abondance dans la région intermédiaire, mais rare dans la région intérieure.M. bartletti était second en abondance dans la région intérieure et troisième en abondance dans la région intermédiaire.
    Notes: Abstract A survey of black scaleSaissetia oleae (Olivier) parasitoids present in southern California was conducted between September 1987 and September 1989. From 308 collections of black scale-infested citrus, olive, and oleander twigs from 19 sites in southern California, 1,610 specimens were collected. Nine primary and six secondary parasitoid species were identified. Four primary species were abundant in southern California:Metaphycus bartletti Annecke & Mynhardt,M. helvolus (Compere),Scutellista caerulea (Fonscolombe) (=S. cyanea Motschulsky), andDiversinervus elegans Silvestri. The most common secondary parasitoids wereMarietta mexicana (Howard),Cheiloneurus noxius Compere, andTetrastichus minutus (Howard). In the coastal region of southern California,M. bartletti was the most abundant parasitoid, followed in order byD. elegans, S. Caerulea, andM. helvolus. In the intermediate and interior regions,M. helvolus was most abundant.D. elegans was second most abundant in the intermediate region, but was rare in the interior region.M. bartletti was second in abundance in the interior region and third in the intermediate region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373111
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biological control ofAphis pomi [Hom.: Aphididae] ofAphidoletes aphidimyza [Dip.: Cecidomyiidae]; a predator-prey model (1987)
    Springer
    BioControl 32 (1987), S. 339-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Aphidoletes aphidimyza ; Aphis pomi ; Biological control ; predatoryprey model ; Aphidoletes aphidimyza ; Aphis pomi ; lutte biologique ; modèle prédateur/proie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La prédation d'A. pomi parAphidoletes aphidimyza a été simulée dans un verger de pommiers du Michigan en employant un ordinateur et les résultats ont été validés par comparaison aux données récoltées à partir de cages de mousseline enfermant des pousses terminales de pommiers infestées d'Aphides. Les seuils de température inférieur et supérieur pour le développement étaient 2.9 et 35°C pour les larves d'A. pomi avec une durée moyenne de développement de 162.3(degré/jour). La survie moyenne d'un adulte d'A. pomi était de 364,3 (degré/jour) avec une fécondité moyenne de 60,7 descendants/♀. Le seuil inférieur et la durée de développement étaient respectivement pour l'œuf d'A. aphidimyza 10,5°C et 25,5 (degré/jour) et pour la larve 8,1°C et 65.5 (degré/jour). La réponse fonctionnelle des larves était du type II avec sur les ordonnées une asymptote de 45 aphides tués/prédateur. L'utilisation d'un modèle à générations multiples à partir de différentes densités prédateurs/proies indiquait que les rapports critiques courants prédateurs/proie employés à l'extérieur pour décider d'un intervention peuvent sous estimer l'efficacité du prédateur.
    Notes: Abstract Predation ofAphis pomi DeGeer [Hom.: Aphididae] byAphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani) [Dipt.: Cecidomyiidae] was simulated in Michigan apple orchards using a computer and output validated against field data collected from sleeve cages enclosing aphid infested apple terminals. Lower and upper temperature thresholds for development were 2.9 and 35°C for nymphs ofA. pomi with a mean immature developmental period of 162.3 heat units. Median survivorship of adultA. pomi was 364.3 heat units with an average fecundity of 60.7 offspring per female.A. aphidimyza egg and larval lower threshold and developmental periods were 10.5 and 25.5, 8.1°C and 65.5 heat units, respectively. Larval functional response showed Type II behavior with a y-asymptote of 45 aphids killed per predator. Multiple generation model runs performed under different initial predator: prey densities indicated that current critical predator: prey ratios used in the field for control decisions may underestimate predator efficacy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372443
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Developed resistance to azinphosmethyl in a predator-prey mite system in greenhouse experiments (1981)
    Springer
    BioControl 26 (1981), S. 191-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'acarien prédateur,Amblyseius fallacis (Garman) et la proie,Tetranychus urticae (Koch) manifestent des niveaux comparables de résistance à l'azinphosméthyl en présence d'une nourriture illimitée au cours de traitements de sélection semblables pendant 22 générations. Des populations sensibles au pesticide de chacune de ces espèces, hybridées avec des nombres limités d'acariens résistant, acquièrent rapidement la résistance à des taux comparables après 5 à 8 générations. Une sélection portant sur des populations interactives, au taux de 75% de sélection de la proie, mais à un taux supérieur pour le prédateur, provoque seulement une résistance limitée chez la proie après 9 générations, alors que le prédateur développe une résistance appréciable, égale au niveau de sensibilité de la proie. Ces données sont discutées par rapport à la résistance acquise à l'azinphosméthyl chez des populations naturelles d'acariens prédateurs et de tétranyques en vergers de pommier.
    Notes: Abstract Susceptible predatory,Amblyseius fallacis (Garman), and prey mites,Tetranychus urticae Koch, developed comparable levels of resistance to azinphosmethyl when provided with unlimited food and similar selection treatments over 22 generations. Susceptible populations of each when hybridized with limited numbers of resistant mites, incorporated the resistance rapidly and at comparable rates when selected for 5–8 generations. When selected together as interacting populations at 75% selection of the prey, but higher selection of the predator, prey developed only limited resistance after 9 selections, but predators developed appreciable resistance, equal to the susceptibility level of the prey. Data are discussed in relation to developed resistance to azinphosmethyl observed in field populations of spider mites and predators in apple orchards.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375032
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Research advances on pesticide resistance in natural enemies (1979)
    Springer
    BioControl 24 (1979), S. 3-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les récentes recherches sur les facteurs déterminant le développement d'une résistance aux pesticides chez les arthropodes ennemis naturels des ravageurs sont rappelées, y compris les études sur la sélection pour cette résistance de l'acarien prédateur,Amblyseius fallacis (Garman) et deTetranychus urticae Koch, ainsi que les types de toxicité des pesticides pour un ensemble de ravageurs et de leurs parasites et prédateurs. De nouveaux domaines dans les phénomènes de la résistance chezPhytoseiulus persimilis A.H. etTyphlodromus pyri Scheuten sont discutés, telles que les études génétiques de la résistance chezP. persimilis et la toxicologie de la résistance chezA. fallacis. Enfin la très abondante documentation sur la résistance deA. fallacis, prédateur d'acariens phytophages, deAphidoletes aphidimyza (Rond), cecidomyie prédatrice de pucerons et de deux parasites de cicadelles en vergers en Amérique du Nord, est discutée en fonction de l'utilisation prolongée d'insecticides à base d'organophosphorés et de programmes de lutte intégrée.
    Notes: Abstract Recent research on the factors governing resistance development among arthropod natural enemies is reviewed, including selection studies of resistance development in the predatory miteAmblyseius fallacis (Garman) andTetranychus urticae Koch and patterns of toxicity to pesticides and mixed function oxidase activity in a group of pests, predators and parasites. New areas of resistance development in the speciesPhytoseiulus persimilis A. H. andTyphlodromus pyri Scheuten are discussed as are genetic studies of resistance inP. persimilis and the toxicology of resistance inA. fallacis. Lastly, the widespread documentation of resistance inA. fallacis, a predator of plant-feeding mites, the cecidomyidAphidoletes aphidimyza (Rond.), a predator of aphids and 2 parasites of leafhopper in orchards of North America, is discussed relative to the long-term use of organophosphate-based insecticides and programs of integrated pest control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02377504
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  • 10
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    Ecosystem services in managing residential landscapes: priorities, value dimensions, and cross-regional patterns (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-07-02
    Print ISSN: 1083-8155
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-1642
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Springer
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