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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Importance of biological processes in the sulfur budget of a northern hardwood ecosystem (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1987), S. 258-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: C-bonded S ; Mineralization ; Organic S
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Total S, organic S and sulfate were measured in foliage, litter, roots, soil and solutions at a hardwood site within the Adirondack Mountains of New York. Sulfate as a percentage of total S was similar in foliage and litter (10%), but was greater in roots (30%). Sulfur constituents in the hardwood forest ecosystem were dominated by C-bonded S (60 g m−2) and ester sulfate (16 g m−2) which are formed by biological processes. Because sulfur mineralization (1.42 g m−2 yr−1) was greater than wet precipitation inputs (0.82 g m−2 yr−1), those factors that influence mineralization-immobilization processes are important in evaluating S cycling and sulfate fluxes in this ecosystem. Ester sulfate was formed within the forest floor by the soil biota and was leached to mineral horizons. Annual turnover of this pool was high (25%) within the mineral forest floor. Forest-floor C-bonded S was derived from root and above-ground litter, and substantial amounts were leached to mineral horizons. Calculated storage + outputs (1.64 g m−2 yr−1) was much greater than wet inputs (0.82 g m−2 yr−1).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00256911
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Paleolimnology of McNearney lake: an acidic lake in northern Michigan (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 3 (1990), S. 13-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; diatoms ; diatom-inferred pH ; trace metals ; sulfur ; lakewater chemistry ; seepage lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract McNearney Lake is an acidic (pH=4.4) lake in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan with low acid neutralizing capacity (ANC=-38 μeq L-1) and high SO inf4 sup2- and aluminium concentrations. Oligotrophy is indicated by high Secchi transparency and by low chlorophyll a, total phosphorus, and total nitrogen concentrations. The lake water is currently acidic because base cations are supplied to the lake water at a low rate and because SO inf4 sup2- from atmospheric deposition was not appreciably retained by the lake sediments or watershed and was present in the water column. This interdisciplinary paleolimnological study indicates that McNearney Lake is naturally acidic and has been so since at least 4000 years B.P., as determined from inferred-pH techniques based on contemporary diatom-pH relationships. Predicted pH values ranged from 4.7 to 5.0 over the 4000-year stratigraphy. Considerable shifts in species composition and abundance were observed in diatom stratigraphy, but present-day distributions indicate that all abundant taxa most frequently occur under acidic conditions, suggesting that factors other than pH are responsible for the shifts. The diatom-inferred pH technique as applied to McNearney Lake has too large an uncertainly and is not sensitive enough to determine the subtle recent changes in lakewater pH expected from changes in atmospheric deposition because: (1) McNearney Lake has the lowest pH in the contemporary diatom data set in the region and confidence intervals for pH predictions increase at the extremes of regressions; (2) other factors in addition to pH may be responsible for the diatom species distribution in the lake and in the entire northern Great Lakes region; (3) McNearney Lake has a well-buffered pH as a consequence of its low pH and high aluminium concentrations and is not expected to exhibit a large pH change as a result of changes in atmospheric deposition; and (4) atmospheric deposition in the region is modest and would not cause a pH shift large enough to be discernable in McNearney Lake. Elevated atmospheric deposition is indicated in recent sediments by Pb, V, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon accumulation rates and to a lesser extent by those of Cu and Zn; however, these accumulation rates are substantially lower than those observed for acidified lakes in the northeastern United States. Although atmospheric loadings of materials associated with fossil fuel combustion have recently increased to McNearney Lake and apparently are continuing, the present study of the diatom subfossil record does not indicate a distinct, recent acidification (pH decrease).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00209297
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors affecting sulfur incorporation into lake sediments: paleoecological implications (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 4 (1990), S. 1-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: sulfate ; carbon ; nitrogen ; hydrogen ; organic matter ; enrichment factor ; lake sediments ; paleolimnology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses the use of S as a paleolimnological tracer of limnetic sulfate concentration. A positive relationship (p〈0.05) was found between limnetic sulfate and sediment S concentrations for the Great Lakes, English Lakes, and lakes from the Adirondack and Northern New England regions. There is a positive correlation (p〈0.05) between C and S concentration in sediment across all regions studied. The importance of C in affecting S content in sediment was also examined by a series of cores taken at different water depths in Big Moose Lake (Adirondacks). There was a strong relationship between C and S among cores with sediment from deeper water having higher C and S concentrations (r 2=0.99). Sulfur from the shallower cores had greater concentrations of chromium-reducible S (pyrite), while cores from deeper waters had a greater proportion of organic S fractions including C-bonded S and ester sulfates. For assessing historical changes in S accumulation in sediments, enrichment factors were calculated for the PIRLA lakes. Pre-1900 net sediment accumulation rates of S were very similar across all regions. Sulfur enrichment was greatest in Adirondack sediment which had total post-1900 S accumulation of 1.1 to 7.4 times pre-1900 S accumulation. Sediment from Northern New England (NNE) generally had lower S concentration than Adirondack sediments and S enrichment factors ranged from 1.2 to 2.1. Sediment from the Northern Great Lakes States region had similar S concentration and distribution with depth to NNE sediment. In two Northern Florida lakes, sediment showed little variation in S concentration with depth, but in two other lakes from the same region, there was higher S concentration in deeper layers. Lakes which had the greatest enrichment factors also exhibited the most marked changes in C:S ratios. Ratios of C:N showed little variation (10.6 to 26.1) among the PIRLA lakes. A first order model indicated slow decomposition within these organic rich sediments. Elemental concentrations and ratios of sediment from a variety of lakes and reservoirs were complied. Maximum and minimum elemental ratios for all the data were 28 to 8.1 for C:N, 0.81 to 0.11 for C:H, and 675 to 12.5 for C:S, respectively. For the C:S ratios in all regions except the Great Lakes, the maximum ratio was less than 231. Both the maximum and minimum amount of N and H concentration of organic matter is related to biotic processes. The minimum concentration of S is regulated not only by nutrient demands but also by non-assimilatory processes. Sulfur incorporation into sediments is a function of a complex of factors, but limnetic sulfate concentration and organic matter content play a major role in regulating the S content of sediment. Further quantification of S incorporation pathways will aid in the paleolimnological interpretation of sediment S profiles. Such information is also important in assessing how S sediment pools will respond to decreases in limnetic sulfate concentration which may occur with decreases in inputs from acidic deposition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00208295
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Paleoecological investigation of recent lake acidification in the Adirondack Mountains, N.Y. (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 3 (1990), S. 195-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: acid deposition ; Adirondacks ; diatoms ; lake acidification ; paleoecology ; sediment chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Paleoecological analysis of the sediment record of 12 Adirondack lakes reveals that the 8 clearwater lakes with current pH 〈 5.5 and alkalinity 〈 10 μeq l-1 have acidified recently. The onset of this acidification occurred between 1920 and 1970. Loss of alkalinity, based on quanitative analysis of diatom assemblages, ranged from 2 to 35 μeq l-1. The acidification trends are substantiated by several lines of evidence including stratigraphies of diatom, chrysophyte, chironomid, and cladoceran remains, Ca:Ti and Mn:Ti ratios, sequentially extracted forms of Al, and historical fish data. Acidification trends appear to be continuing in some lakes, despite reductions in atmospheric sulfur loading that began in the early 1970s. The primary cause of the acidification trend is clearly increased atmospheric deposition of strong acids derived from the combustion of fossil fuels. Natural processes and watershed disturbances cannot account for the changes in water chemistry that have occurred, but they may play a role. Sediment core profiles of Pb, Cu, V, Zn, S, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, magnetic particles, and coal and oil soot provide a clear record of increased atmospheric input of materials associated with the combustion of fossil fuels beginning in the late 1800s and early 1900s. The primary evidence for acidification occurs after that period, and the pattern of water chemistry response to increased acid inputs is consistent with current understanding of lake-watershed acidification processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219459
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biogeochemistry of a forested watershed in the central Adirondack Mountains: Temporal changes and mass balances (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 88 (1996), S. 355-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: atmospheric deposition ; ecosystem ; hydrology ; nitrogen ; sulfur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Information on atmospheric inputs, water chemistry and hydrology were combined to evaluate elemental mass balances and assess temporal changes in elemental transport from 1983 through 1992 for the Arbutus Lake watershed. This watershed is located within a northern hardwood ecosystem at the Huntington Forest within the central Adirondack Mountains of New York (USA). Changes in water chemistry, including increasing NO3 − concentrations (1.1 μmol c , L−1 yr-1), have been detected during this study period. Starting in 1991 hydrological flow has been measured from Arbutus Lake and these measurements were compared with predicted flow using the BROOK2 hydrological simulation model. The model adequately (r2=0.79) simulated flow from this catchment and was used to estimate drainage for earlier periods when direct hydrological measurements were not available. Modeled drainage water losses coupled with estimates of wet and dry atmospheric deposition were used to calculate solute budgets. Export of SO4 2− (831 mol c ha−1 yr−1) from the greater Arbutus Lake watershed exceeded estimates of atmospheric deposition in an adjacent hardwood stand suggesting an additional source of S. These large drainage losses of SO4 2− also contributed to the drainage fluxes of basic cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and Na+). Most of the atmospheric inputs of inorganic N were retained (average of 74% of wet precipitation and 85% total deposition) in the watershed. There were differences among years (56 to 228 mol ha−1 yr−1) in drainage water losses of N with greatest losses occurring during a warm, wet period (1989–1991).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00294111
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Forest Soil Sulfur in the Adirondack Mountains: Response to Chemical Manipulations (1998)
    Springer
    Soil Science Society of America journal 62 (1998), S. 272-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-0661
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: 4 )2SO4 (all sites at 1000 and 2000 molc ha-1 yr-1), H2SO4 (WL and HF at 1000 molc ha-1 yr-1), or (Ca,Mg)SO4 (WL and HF at 1000 molc ha-1 yr-1). At WL and HF additional sets of plots were also treated with HNO3 (1000 molc ha-1 yr-1). Soil solutions were sampled at 15 and 50-cm depths. Changes in the S constituents of the soil were evaluated by buried mineral soil bags installed below the forest floor. Additions of SO2- 4 increased solution SO2- 4 and total S and phosphate-extractable SO2- 4 in soil. Although organic S constituted 〉71% of the total soil S, no treatment effects on organic S were found. The response of SO-2 4 was not influenced by the form of addition. Extractable sulfate and soil solution SO2- 4 both increased with increases of (NH4)2SO4. For the three hardwood sites (WL, PHC, and HF), there was a positive relationship (P 〈 0.05) between soil solution SO2- 4 concentration at 15 cm and extractable SO2- 4 in soil bags, suggesting that these Haplorthod soils responded similarly to S inputs. For the Typic Udipsamment at PF, beneath red pine (Pinus resinosa Aiton), no such relationship was found. The similarity of response of Haplorthod soils suggests that similar soils across the Adirondack Mountains will show synchronous responses to S inputs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Incorporation of 35SO 4 2− into sediments of three New York lakes (1988)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 160 (1988), S. 85-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: alkalinity generation ; ester sulfate ; organic sulfur ; pyrite ; radioactive sulfate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Intact sediment cores were obtained from three New York lakes in May, July, and October 1981. Radioactive S (as 35SO 4 2− ) was added to the overlying water and cores were incubated without atmospheric exchange for one week near lake bottom temperatures. Headspace flux of 02 as an index of sediment respiration rates varied among lakes and seasonally within lakes. Acidic South Lake had the lowest respiration rate at all seasons and also the smallest net incorporation of the 35SO 4 2− . Summer net isotope transformation into ester sulfate and non-HI reducible S (pyrite and C-bonded S) constituents was 88.6%, 89.4%, and 59.7% of total sediment isotope for Oneida, Deer, and South, respectively. Seasonal variation of net isotope incorporation was observed in each lake as were differences in 35SO 4 2− partitioning into major S pools. Of the S constituents analyzed, HCl digestible S (volatile sulfides) was the smallest pool, while ester sulfate and non-HI reducible S together accounted for greater than 50% of S isotope transformation in all lakes. In addition, ester sulfate is the major product of dissolved SO 4 2− transformation and its formation results in less alkalinity generation than the formation of non-HI reducible S constituents. Thus ester sulfate transformation processes must be considered in calculating alkalinity generation by lake sediments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00014281
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sulfur dynamics in mineral horizons of two northern hardwood soils. A column study with 35S (1990)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 10 (1990), S. 143-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: leaching ; mineralization ; organic sulfur ; Spodosol ; sulfate adsorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Sulfur dynamics of two Spodosols were ascertained using soil columns constructed from homogenized mineral soil from nothern hardwood ecosystems at the Huntington Forest (HF) in the Adirondack Mountains of New York and Bear Brook Watershed in Maine (BBWM). Columns were leached for 20 weeks with a simulated throughfall solution with35SO4 2-. Sulfur constituents were similar to those of other Spodosols, with the organic S fractions (C-bonded S and ester sulfate) constituting over 90% of total S. HF soil columns had higher total S (14.9 μmol S g-1) than that for the BBWM soil columns (7.4 μmol g-1) primarily due to higher C-bonded S in the former. Initially, adsorbed SO4 - accounted for 5 and 4% of total S for the BBWM and HF soil columns, respectively. After 20 weeks, adsorbed SO4 2- decreased (81%) in BBWM and increased (33%) in HF soil columns. For both HF and BBWM soil columns, C-bonded S increased and ester sulfate decreased, but only for HF columns was there a net mineralization of organic S (5.6% of total S). The greatest decrease in ester sulfate occurred at the top of the columns. Leaching of35S was less than 0.5% of the35S added due to its retention in various S constituents. There was an exponential decrease in35S with column depth and most of the radioisotope was found in C-bonded S (70–88 and 70–91% for BBWM and HF, respectively). The rapid turnover of adsorbed SO2- 4 was reflected in its high specific activity (834 and 26 kBq μmol-1 S for BBWM and HF, respectively). The lower specific activity of adsorbed SO4 2- in HF was attributable to greater isotopic dilution by non-radioactive SO2- 4 derived from greater organic S mineralization in the HF versus the BBWM columns. Both soil columns initially had high levels of NO- 3 which resulted in the generation of H+ and net retention of SO4 2- in the early phase of the experiment due to pH dependent sulfate adsorption; later NO3 - decreased and SO4 2- was desorbed. Leaching of NIO3 - and SO4 2- was correlated with losses of Mg2+ and Ca2+ of which the latter was the dominant cation. Analyses using both S mass balances and radioisotopes corroborate that for BBWM soil columns, SO2- 4 adsorption-desorption dominated the S biogeochemistry while in HF soil columns, organic S mineralization-immobilization processes were more important. It is suggested that similar techniques can be applied to soils in the field to ascertain the relative importances of SO4 2- adsorption processes and organic S dynamics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00002227
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Models of sulfur dynamics in forest and grassland ecosystems with emphasis on soil processes (1988)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 5 (1988), S. 133-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: sulfur ; models ; ecosystems ; grasslands ; forests ; sulfate ; organic sulfur ; soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The major S constituents in terrestrial ecosystems include inorganic SO 4 2− , C-bonded S and ester sulfate with the organic fractions constituting the major soil S pools. Conceptual models of S dynamics link inorganic SO 4 2− flux to organic sulfur transformations and other elements such as N and C. Mass balance models have been useful in ascertaining whether a system is at steady-state with respect to adsorption processes and/or nutritional demands of vegetation for S. Chemical equilibrium/surface complexation models have been used to evaluate the effects of a complex of factors, including effects of pH on SO4 − adsorption and precipitation; these models have not generally been integrated into ecosystem models of S dynamics. Models such as ILWAS, Birkenes, Storgama, Trickle-Down and MAGIC were developed to ascertain surface water acidification processes within watersheds; these models incorporated SO4 2− adsorption in some formulation combined with hydrological considerations. None of these models explicitly treat organic S transformations and fluxes. In contrast, grassland ecosystem models detail organic S transformations, but give little attention to adsorption and hydrologic factors. More detailed simulation models of S transformations in forest and grassland soils have recently been developed, but these results have yet to be incorporated into ecosystem and watershed models.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02180321
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stable sulfur isotopic biogeochemistry of the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire (1998)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 41 (1998), S. 259-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: biogeochemistry of sulfur ; ecosystem analysis ; nutrient cycling ; stable sulfur isotopes ; δ34S ; isotopic fractionation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In natural ecosystems, differences often exist in the relative abundanceof stable S isotopes (°34S) that can provide clues as tothe source, nature, and cycling of S. Values of °34S inprecipitation, throughfall, soils, soil solution, and stream waters weremeasured at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF), New Hampshire.Values of °34S in precipitation and throughfall weresimilar to each other but differed seasonally. Precipitation°34S values were higher in the dormant season[°34S = 5.9±0.6‰ (17)][Mean + SE(N)]than in the growing season [°34S = 5.0±0.6‰(40)] but throughfall growing-season values were higher[°34S = 5.6±0.6‰(68)] than for the dormantseason [°34S = 4.9±0.7‰ (9)]. Different treespecies did not affect throughfall °34S values. In soilsolution, °34S values were higher in the growing season(°34S = 8.9±2.8‰; 8.8±1.7‰;and 4.0±0.6‰ for Oa, Bh, and Bs horizons, respectively) thanin the dormant season (°34S = 5.6±1.5‰;3.7±2.4‰; and 3.4±1.2‰ for Oa, Bh, and Bshorizons, respectively). These seasonal differences in°34S were probably caused by biological isotopicfractionation. The °34S values in streams were generally2‰ lower and more variable than those in precipitation andthroughfall, suggesting fractionation and/or different isotopic sources inthe soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005992430776
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