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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Form und Schichtungsgefüge periodischer Sandkörper im Strömungsfeld des Außenelbewatts (1970)
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 60 (1970), S. 321-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The asymmetric character of periodic sedimentary sand bodies found on tidal flats (largescale ripples and here particularly “sand waves”) can be mapped on aerial photographs to give an indication of sand transport directions. These sand waves, in contrast to largescale and giant ripples, exhibit cross-lamination which formed from migrating smallscale ripples. The asymmetry of the large form is established through the migration of the smallscale ripples. The vector distributions obtained from aerial photograph analyses show good agreement with a map of current vectors (Göhren) based on “normal” tidal conditions. Not every current is reflected in the sediment; dominant are the frequently occurring currents having a moderately high velocity. Extreme conditions (which are infrequent) have a smaller chance to be recorded in the sediment.
    Abstract: Résumé Dans la zone intertidale, on trouve des mégarides et d'autres crêtes sableuses, groupées periodiquement, qui sont appelées ici «Sandwellen» (vagues de sable). L'asymmetrie de ces formes, bien reconnaissable sur les photographies aériennes, donne des indications sur le mouvement du sable. Les vagues de sable montrent, au contraire des mégarides ordinaires, une stratification croisée de rides à l'intérieur. La migration de ces rides cause l'asymmetrie. La distribution des directions concorde avec une carte des vecteurs de courants (Göhren) dérivée des conditions ordinaires de marée. La totalité des courants présents dans la zone intertidale n'est pas réflétée dans la stratification, mais ce sont les courants, qui ont lieu le plus fréquemment avec des vélocités relativement fortes qui dominent. Les conditions extrêmes n'ont pas une grande chance d'être fossilisées.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Periodisch gescharte Sandkörper auf den Sandwattflächen (große Rippeln und- hier besonders - „Sandwellen“) geben durch ihre im Luftbild erkennbare Asymmetrie Indizien für den Sandtransport. Diese Sandwellen sind, im Gegensatz zu Groß- und Riesenrippeln, aus einer Kreuzschichtung aufgebaut, die durch wandernde Kleinrippeln entstanden ist. Dadurch entsteht auch die Asymmetrie der Großformen. Die aus der Luftbildanalyse resultierende Richtungsverteilung stimmt mit einer Stromvektorenkarte (Göhren), die von normalen Tideverhältnissen abgeleitet ist, gut überein. Die Gesamtheit der auftretenden Strömungen spiegelt sich in der Schichtung nicht wider, sondern es dominiert diejenige Strömung, die am häufigsten mit einer relativ großen Geschwindigkeit eintritt. Extreme Bedingungen haben so geringere Chancen, im Sediment dokumentiert zu werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01820948
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Novel RFLPs and microsatellite repeats increase informativity at four loci mapping to Xq22-q25 (1994)
    Springer
    Human genetics 〈Berlin〉 93 (1994), S. 218-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Three microsatellites and five restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) have been detected at loci DXS275, DXS97, DXS11 and DXS100. All of the reported polymorphisms are in linkage equilibrium with existing polymorphisms at these loci. However, two RFLPs at DXS275 and two at DXS97 appear to be in linkage disequilibrium with each other. Increased informativity at these loci have enabled exclusion of Xq22-q25 as a candidate region for X-linked spina bifida and anencephaly, and should aid in the mapping of other genes in the region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00210618
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aragonite crystallization from strained calcite at reduced pressures and its bearing on aragonite in low-grade metamorphism (1969)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 22 (1969), S. 335-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Aragonite, the dense form of CaCO3, grew hydrothermally at 100–300° C and dry at 300–400° C at very low pressures from calcite strained by grinding. Nearly complete inversion to aragonite occurred in some runs with Ca-Mg chloride solutions at 0–2.4 kb and 100–200° C on strained calcite having a (10¯14) reflection with a half-width of 0.48° 2 Θ Cu Kα. A little aragonite grew dry at one atm. from the ground calcite at 300–400° C in a few hrs. Simultaneous shear during recrystallization of calcite in a rotating squeezer resulted in significant aragonite at 300–400° C several kb. below the stability field. No inversion occurred in any ground calcite when previously annealed in CO2 at 500° C for a few hrs. Thermochemical data show that at least 200 cal/mole of strain energy can be produced in calcite by mild deformation. This much stored energy would lower the pressure requirements of aragonite, relative to the strained calcite by more than 3 kb, and our observation that aragonite growth was faster than strain recovery of calcite indicates that aragonite can grow in nature at reduced pressures from strained calcite. Some experiments were also carried out on highly magnesian calcites with the thought that aragonite might also form at the expense of this metastable material. No aragonite was produced, but the possibility that this mechanism could be operative in nature cannot be discounted. The microtexture of aragonitic deformed marbles from NW Washington (prehnite-pumpellyite facies rocks, courtesy of J. A. Vance) as well as electron probe microanalysis of these rocks indicates that aragonite selectively replaced highly strained calcite. The calcite-aragonite transition is thus a questionable indicator of high-pressure in certain metamorphic rocks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00400128
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Grossular activity-composition relationships in ternary garnets determined by reversed displaced-equilibrium experiments (1989)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 103 (1989), S. 423-433 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Activity-composition relationships of Ca3Al2Si3O12 (grs) in ternary Ca-Mg-Fe garnets of various compositions have been determined by reversed displaced equilibrium experiments at 1000° C and 900° C and pressures of 8 to 17 kbar. The mixing of grs in garnet is nearly ideal at 30 mol% grs, with positive deviations from ideality at lower grs contents. Models of garnet mixing currently in the literature do not predict this trend. Analysis of the present reversals, in conjunction with a garnet mixing model based solely on calorimetry measurements on the binary joins, indicates that a ternary interaction constant for a ternary asymmetric Margules model (Wohl 1953) cannot be constrained. Apparently, some aspects of the garnet binary joins are still not well-known. An alternative asymmetric empirical model, based on analysis of pseudobinary joins of constant Mg/Mg + Fe(Mg #), reproduces the data well and is able to predict grs activity coefficients for garnets with grs contents between 3 and 40 mol% and Mg numbers between 0 and 0.60. The grossular activity coefficient,γ grs, is given by: $$RT\ln \gamma _{grs} = (1 - X_{grs} )^2 [W_{Ca} + 2X_{grs} (W_{FM} - W_{Ca} )]$$ where: $$\begin{gathered} W_{Ca} (J) = - 2060 + 3.57 \times 10^4 (Mg\# ) - 4.95 \times 10^4 (Mg\# )^2 \hfill \\ W_{FM} (J) = 3390 - 3.71 \times 10^4 (Mg\# ) + 6.49 \times 10^4 (Mg\# )^2 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ These expressions are valid only over the composition range investigated. The formulation cannot be used to extract Fe and Mg activity coefficients. There appears to be no temperature or pressure dependence of theW-parameters over theP-T range investigated. The improved definition of the grossular activity coefficient which results from the present work contributes to an improved formulation of the garnet-Al2SiO5-quartz-plagioclase (GASP) geobarometer and other phase equilibria relevant to metamorphic petrology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01041750
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The compositions of coexisting pyroxenes and garnet in the system CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 at 900°–1,100°C and high pressures (1981)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 75 (1981), S. 291-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The compositions of coexisting orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and garnet in the CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 system are fixed at any givenP andT. Reversed hydrothermal experiments over theP/T range 15–40 kb/900°–l,100° C indicate that the garnet composition is nearly constant at Py86Gr14; the Alcontent and Ca/Ca+Mg values of the pyroxenes vary significantly, however: T P Wt. %Al2O3 $$\frac{{Ca}}{{Ca + Mg}} \times 100$$ °C kbar in opx in cpx in opx in cpx 900 15 3.55 2.92 0.72 47.05 900 30 1.62 0.92 0.81 47.30 1,100 20 1.11 0.92 1.22 45.20 1,100 40 1.26 0.88 0.81 45.64 The significant variation of A12O3 content with pressure supports its use as a geobarometer. The Ca/Ca +Mg values of coexisting orthoand clino-pyroxene have been used as a geothermometer. However, the present results show that the presence of A12O3 in the pyroxenes decreases significantly the mutual solubility of the pyroxenes, which may cause errors of up to 200° C if the A12O3 effect is ignored. Thermodynamic analyses of the experimental results for the reaction Mg3Al2Si3O12(gar) =Mg3Al2Si3O12(opx) yield average values ofΔH 0 andΔS 0 of 7.4 Kcal and 5.7 eu, respectively, which are in marginal agreement with calorimetric results. Similar analysis of our results for the reaction MgSiO3(cpx)=MgSiO3(opx) support earlier conclusions that MgSiO3 substitution in clinopyroxene behaves as a regular solution (Holland et al. 1979) and that Al substitution is quasi-ideal (Wood 1979). Application of the present results to garnet lherzolites from southern Africa yields a geotherm which is parallel to those previously proposed, although the indicated heat flow is greater. Similar rocks, from the Solomon Islands, show a much steeper geothermal gradient, as expected for an oceanic plate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01166769
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stability of the scapolite meionite (3CaAl2Si2O2 · CaCO3) at high pressures and storage of CO2 in the deep crust (1975)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 49 (1975), S. 49-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The stability field of the end-member scapolite meionite was determined in piston-cylinder apparatus. Meionite has very high thermal stability at high pressures, exceeding 1500° C at 20 kbar. Below 6 kbar and 1270 ° C scapolite breakdown is subsolidus, to an-orthite + gehlenite + wollastonite + CO2, with a slope of 20 bars/degree. An extrapolation of existing thermodynamic data for CO2 permits calculation of ΔG F o =-2384.5 kcal/mol for meionite at 1270 ° C, very close to the value for 3 anorthite + calcite. Above 1270 ° C, scapolite begins to melt to An+Geh+Liq+CO2, and as pressure increases the melting curve steepens, the Geh and An being progressively replaced by Liq+corundum with Al in 6-coordination. At pressures 〉25kbar dp/dt becomes negative, corundum is the only crystalline product, and CO2 bubbles disappear from the quenched glass, indicating a solubility of CO2 under these conditions of about 5 wt. percent in the liquid. The subsolidus breakdown of meionite at high pressures to grossularite + kyanite + quartz + calcite nearly coincides with the upper pressure limits of anorthite. Thus scapolite is essentially limited to crustal rocks. In view of its great thermal stability, meionite can play a role as a primary mineral in deep-seated basic or intermediate magmatic processes. It is also likely that CO2 coming from the earth's interior will be captured by reaction with plagioclase and clinopyroxene. Scapolite has been noted in basic granulite inclusions from basaltic pipes in three continents. It seems probable that scapolite acts as a major storage site for CO2 in the deep crust.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00371078
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The immune response of inbred mouse strains to DNP-BGG (1977)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 4 (1977), S. 449-462 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The immune response of six inbred mouse strains (SJL, A, C57BL/6, CBA, BALB/c, and DBA/1) to DNP56BGG was tested under three separate immunization schedules: 1 Μg DNP-BGG in 1 mg Al(OH)3 adjuvant, 50 Μg DNP-BGG in 1 mg A1(OH)3 adjuvant, and 1 Μg DNP-BGG in complete Freund's adjuvant. Individual serum samples were titered using a modified Farr assay. It was found that the first schedule allowed classification of the mice into responder (SJL, A) and nonresponder (C57BL/6, CBA, BALB/ c, DBA/1) strains. The second schedule produced quantitative as well as qualitative differences among the strains and allowed classification of the mice into higher-responder (SJL, A), intermediate-responder (C57BL/6, CBA, BALB/c), and low-responder (DBA/1) categories. When complete Freund's adjuvant was used in the third schedule, the differences among strains became insignificant. The sera from each strain were pooled and assayed for relative antibody affinity and IgM content. Both of these parameters were dependent largely on the dose of antigen and type of adjuvant used, rather than on the particular mouse strain being studied. The mechanism of adjuvant action, and possible cell interactions in the genetic control of the immune response, are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01575680
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Liming effects on some chemical and biological parameters of soil (spodosols and histosols) in a hardwood forest watershed (1990)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 54 (1990), S. 529-544 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Acidic lakes and streams can be restored with base application (usually limestone) provided that the base does not wash out before the benefits of alkalization can be realized; liming soils of the adjoining watershed may be an alternative approach. This study was conducted to provide a scientific basis for soil liming. Plots (50 m2) with different limestone dosages (e.g. 0, 5, 10 or 15 Mg CaCO3 ha−1) were established on each of two different soils (a Spodosol and a Histosol) in the Woods Lake watershed of the Adirondack Park Region of New York, USA. Six months after soil liming much of the added limestone was still present in both the Spodosol and in the Histosol. Ten months after soil liming results indicated that: (1) soil pH increased (〉1 unit) but mostly in the top 1 cm; (2) net N mineralization increased from 9.6 to ca. 15 µg N g−1 d−1 and nitrification increased from 2.8 to ca. 8 µg N g−1 d−1; (3) denitrification was not affected (98 µg N g−1 d−1); (4) CO2 production potential decreased in the surface soil and as a function of limestone dosage (60 to 6 µmol g−1 d−1); and (5) soluble SO 4 2− concentrations in the Histosol were not affected (105 µmol L−1). Liming acidic forest soils with 〉5 Mg CaCO3 ha−1 may increase the soil's acid neutralizing capacity, which could provide long-term benefits for surface water acidification.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02385152
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of watershed liming on the soil chemistry of Woods Lake, New York (1996)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 32 (1996), S. 175-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: acid mitigation ; exchangeable chemistry ; soil acidity ; soil chemistry ; watershed liming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The effects of watershed liming on the exchange complex of a forest soil were investigated at Woods Lake, in the west-central Adirondack Park, New York. Attempts to neutralize lake acidity via direct application of calcite during the 1980"s were short-lived due to a short hydraulic retention time. The Experimental Watershed Liming Study (EWLS) was initiated to investigate watershed base addition as a potentially more long-term strategy for mitigation of lake acidity. In this paper we discuss the changes in the exchangeable soil complex which occurred in response to the calcite addition and attempt a mass balance for calcite applied to the watershed. An extensive sampling program was initiated for the watershed study. Soil samples were collected from pits prior to and in the two years following treatment to evaluate changes in soil chemistry. Calcite addition significantly altered the exchange complex in the organic horizon. Increases in pH caused deprotonation of soil organic matter and increases in cation exchange capacity, providing additional exchange sites for the retention of added calcium. Exchangeable acidity decreased to very low values, allowing the base saturation of upper organic horizons to increase to nearly 100 percent. Post-treatment sampling found that approximately 48 percent of the calcite remained undissolved in the soil"s Oe horizon two years later. Dissolution of the calcite was affected by field moisture conditions, with greater dissolution in wetter areas of the watershed. Mass balances calculated for calcium applied to the watershed suggest that only 4 percent of the calcium was removed through the lake outlet. Approximately 96 percent of the calcium applied remained within the watershed; as undissolved calcite, on soil exchange sites or stored in the vegetation, groundwater or surface waters of the watershed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02187138
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of whole catchment liming on the episodic acidification of two adirondack streams (1996)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 32 (1996), S. 299-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: acidic precipitation ; adirondack mountains ; liming ; snowmelt ; episodic acidification ; beaver pond
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract During the fall of 1989 7.7Mg/ha of calcium carbonate was applied on two tributary catchments (40 ha and 60 ha) to Woods Lake, a small (25 ha) acidic headwater lake in the western Adirondack region of New York. Stream-water chemistry in both catchment tributaries responded immediately. Acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC) increased by more than 200 μeq/L in one of the streams and more than 1000 μeq/L in the other, from pre-liming values which ranged from −25 to +40 μeq/L. The increase in ANC was primarily due to increases in dissolved Ca2+ concentrations. Most of the initial response of the streams was due to the dissolution of calcite that fell directly into the stream channels and adjacent wetlands. A small beaver impoundment and associated wetlands were probably responsible for the greater response observed in one of the streams. After the liming of subcatchmentIV (60 ha), Ca2+ concentrations increased with increasing stream discharge in the stream during fall rain events, suggesting a contribution from calcite dissolved within the soil and transported to the stream by surface runoff or shallow interflow. Concentrations of other ions not associated with the calcite (e.g. Na+) decreased during fall rain events, presumably due to mixing of solute-rich base flow with more dilute shallow interflow. The strong relation between changes in Ca2+ and changes in NO 3 − concentrations during spring snowmelt, (r2 = 0.93, slope = 0.96, on an equivalent basis) suggests that both solutes had a common source in the organic horizon of the soil. Increases in NO 3 − concentrations during snowmelt were balanced by increases in Ca2+ that was released either directly from the calcite or from exchange sites, mitigating episodic acidification of the stream. However, high ambient NO 3 − concentrations and relatively low ambient Ca2+ concentrations in the stream during the spring caused the stream to become acidic despite the CaCO3 treatment. In stream WO2 (40ha), Ca2+ concentrations were much higher than in stream WO4 because of the dissolution of calcite which fell directly into the upstream beaver pond and its associated wetlands. Calcium concentrations decreased as both NO 3 − concentrations and stream discharge increased, due to the dilution of Ca-enriched beaver pond water by shallow interflow. Despite this dilution, Ca2+ concentrations were high enough to more than balance strong acid anion (SO 4 − , NO 3 − , Cl−) concentrations, resulting in a positive ANC in this stream throughout the year. These data indicate that liming of wetlands and beaver ponds is more effective than whole catchment liming in neutralizing acidic surface waters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02187143
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