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  • Articles  (55)
  • Springer  (55)
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  • Articles  (55)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimating global solar irradiance for Western Australia, part I (1982)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 30 (1982), S. 357-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Globalstrahlung wird aufgrund von dreistündigen Bewölkungsbeobachtungen berechnet und mit gemessenen Strahlungswerten verglichen. Damit wird gezeigt, daß es möglich ist, Tageswerte der Globalstrahlung bis auf 15% vorherzusagen und auf diese Art das Potential von verfügbaren Daten der Strahlungsenergie für Zwecke der Heliotechnologie in West-Australien zu erweitern.
    Notes: Summary Solar irradiance is estimated on the basis of three hourly cloud observations and compared with the measured irradiance. This indicates that it is possible to predict daily global irradiation to within 15% and thus illustrates the potential for extending the solar energy data base available for heliotechnology in Western Australia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02324676
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A simple assay to determine the nutritional suitability of cattle dung for coprophagous beetles (1989)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 53 (1989), S. 73-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Cattle dung ; coprophagous beetles ; nutrition ; Euoniticellus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'extraction du liquide provenant de la bouse a été mis au point pour fournir une méthode objective d'évaluation de l'adéquation de la bouse de vache pour Euoniticellus intermedius. Le liquide a été extrait de la bouse entière en tordant à la main des échantillons enveloppés dans de la gaze, ou en utilisant une presse hydraulique succesivement à 2 MPa, 6 MPa et 10 MPa. La bouse artificielle a été réalisée en ajoutant du liquide de bouse à des fibres de carton déchiquetées dans le rapport de poids de 15/1. Le taux de production de boules (= œufs) par femelle d'E. intermedius alimentée sur des bouses artificielles réalisées avec une presse hydraulique à 2 PMa, était le même que sur des bouses naturelles entières. Les performances reproductives sur bouses artificielles sont significativement liées au pourcentage de matière sèche contenue dans le liquide extrait de bouse et utilisé dans le mélange. Ainsi, le pourcentage de matière sèche du liquide extrait à 2 PMa fournit une mesure objective pour comparer la qualité alimentaire des différentes bouses pour les adultes de E. intermedius sans recours à des méthodes perfectionnées. Les résultats confirment que le liquide de la bouse est la principale source d'aliments pour les adultes.
    Notes: Abstract An assay using extracted dung fluid was developed to provide an objective method of assessing the suitability of cattle dung for beetle Euoniticellus intermedius. Fluid was extracted from whole dung by twisting gauze-wrapped samples by hand, or by use of an hydraulic press set sequentially at 2 MPa, 6 MPa and 10 MPa. Artificial dung was made by adding dung fluid to shredded fibre-board in a 15:1 weight ratio. The rate of brood-ball (= egg) production by female E. intermedius fed on the artificial dung made from fluid extracted by the hydraulic press at 2 MPa was the same as that on natural whole dung. Reproductive performance on all artificial dungs was significantly correlated with the percent dry matter content of the dung fluid used in the mixture. Thus the percent dry matter in the fluid extracted at 2 MPa pressure provides an objective measurement for comparing the quality of different dungs as food for adult E. intermedius, without the need for performing bioassays. The results confirm that the fluid component of dung is the major source of nutrition for adult dung beetles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00369234
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palatability of British trees to insects: constitutive and induced defences (1986)
    Springer
    Oecologia 69 (1986), S. 316-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Undamaged foliage of sixteen species of broadleaved trees was assessed for background (constitutive) palatability using larvae of Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera) in laboratory bioassays. Palatability (dry weight consumed in 48 h) varied significantly between species and exhibited a four-fold range. Leaves of fifteen species were damaged artificially in the field and offered with control (undamaged) leaves to Spodoptera after 48 h and two weeks on the tree. Leaves adjacent to the damaged ones were similarly tested. Ten species exhibited significant (P〈0.02) wound induced declines in palatability; damaged and adjacent foliage was involved. Although there was no significant relationship between the trees' constitutive palatability and the number of invertebrate herbivore species they support, this previously-demonstrated relationship closely approached significance when the species showing wound-induced effects were excluded from the regression. These results are discussed within the limitations of laboratory bioassays and the possible field consequences are briefly considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377640
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wound induced defences in plants and their consequences for patterns of insect grazing (1983)
    Springer
    Oecologia 59 (1983), S. 88-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Three scales of wound-induced chemical responses in plants are identified: (1) highly localised chemical changes associated with disruption of cell compartmentation; (2) changes induced in cells surrounding the damaged area, forming a kind of halo around the damage, and (3) more widely-dispersed changes which may affect an entire organ, branch or plant. A brief review of the literature reveals that such chemical responses are very widespread in plants, and many of the substances formed are known to affect adversely the growth, development, or reproduction of insects. It is argued that wound-induced changes in plant chemistry represent for insects a powerful selective pressure for the dispersal of grazing. Levels and patterns of invertebrate grazing in a range of herbaceous and deciduous woody plants sampled at the end of the growing seasons were examined. Leaves of many species exhibited a strikingly evident over-dispersion of grazing initiations, and in some cases the arrangement of holes appeared close to regularity. The pattern of damage between leaves was, in most cases, heavily biased towards a large proportion of leaves receiving a low level of grazing. These highly dispersed patterns of grazing damage are consistent with the hypothesis that wound-induced responses play an important role in determining patterns of insect feeding. They have important implications for the expected levels of insect exploitation of host plants and for the advantages to the plant of distributing grazing damage evenly through the canopy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00388079
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimating global solar irradiance for Western Australia, part II (1982)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 30 (1982), S. 371-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Analyse der Beziehung zwischen Globalstrahlung und Sonnenscheindauer wird zur Berechnung der mittleren täglichen Globalstrahlung an Beobachtungsstationen der Sonnenscheindauer in Westaustralien angewendet. Es wird gezeigt, daß diese Methode die Monatsmittel der täglichen Globalstrahlung bis auf mindestens 10% Genauigkeit ergibt und damit eine Vermehrung der Globalstrahlungswerte als Grundlage für die Heliotechnik ermöglicht.
    Notes: Summary Global irradiation/sunshine duration regression analysis is used to estimate the mean daily global irradiation at sunshine monitoring stations within Western Australia. It is shown that this method estimates the monthly mean daily global irradiation to within 10% and thus has the potential for extending the available global irradiation data base for heliotechnology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02324677
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Mechanism of Surface Decomposition of Tl- and Hg-Containing Superconductors (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of superconductivity 11 (1998), S. 13-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9605
    Keywords: Surface ; superconductors ; decomposition ; electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The surface chemistry of various Tl- and Hg-containing superconducting oxides has been studied by high resolution transmission electron microscopy. The mechanism of surface decomposition of these materials is discussed. High chemical reactivity of the Tl-O and Hg-O layers seem to be the main course of the decomposition. It is proposed that a surface substitution of Tl and Hg may stabilise the structures without losing superconducting properties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022601022333
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of sky clarity using MIR radiometers as an adjunct to atmospheric Čerenkov radiation measurements (1999)
    Springer
    Experimental astronomy 9 (1999), S. 237-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9508
    Keywords: atmospheric Čerenkov technique ; cloud detection ; gamma ray astronomy ; gamma ray telescopes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A technique for detecting the presence of cloud in the field of view of an atmospheric Čerenkov telescope using a mid infra red radiometer is described. Models for the radiative emission from clear and cloudy skies are tested and found to represent the measurements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008102827280
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wound-induced changes in tomato leaves and their effects on the feeding patterns of larval lepidoptera (1995)
    Springer
    Oecologia 101 (1995), S. 251-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Wound-induced changes ; Feeding behaviour ; Spodoptera littoralis ; Tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Several studies have shown changes in the patterns of damage from feeding insects associated with changes in palatability and overall consumption as a result of wound-induced chemical changes in plants. This paper describes how the pattern of feeding damage made by the larvae of Spodoptera littoralis Boisd. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on tomato is affected by changes in palatability of the leaves. Two sorts of responses to leaves from plants that had received prior damage were observed. Larvae offered a choice of leaves tended to take fewer meals on leaves from previously-wounded plants than on control leaves, frequently rejecting the former after sampling them. On wounded plants this rejection behaviour was associated with a shift in feeding site towards the base of the plant. However, starved larvae offered only a single excised leaf readily ate leaves from wounded plants but took shorter meals on these leaves than on controls. Although it was not directly tested it is possible that this difference in response reflected changes in food selectivity with a differing level of satiation. The results are considered in relation to the adaptive significance of the plant of changes in within-plant distributions of herbivore damage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317291
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of mollusc grazing on seedling recruitment in artificially created grassland gaps (1996)
    Springer
    Oecologia 106 (1996), S. 240-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Diversity ; Grazing ; Molluscicide ; Regeneration ; Seed bank
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two experiments conducted in spring and autumn 1992 examined the effect of mollusc grazing on seedling regeneration from natural grassland seedbanks by creating artificial gaps in plots in a grassland sward. Molluscs were excluded from half the gaps by application of molluscicide. Mollusc grazing in both the spring and autumn experiment significantly reduced seedling recruitment, though the intensity of grazing was greatest in autumn. Recruitment of five species was markedly influenced by molluscicide application. In spring, plots from which molluscs were excluded contained significantly more seedlings of Chenopodium polyspermum and Ranunculus acris. In the autumn, exclusion of molluscs resulted in increased populations of R. acris, Stellaria graminea and Rumex acetosa. Cerastium holosteoides populations were greatest in autumn grazed plots. Other species, notably the grasses Holcus lanatus and Agrostis capillaris and the legume Trifolium repens were unaffected by molluscicide application. Species diversity was significantly decreased by molluscicide application in the autumn. Gap size significantly affected the recruitment of two species. Ranunculus acris populations were significantly higher in small gaps in both spring and summer, while Chenopodium recruitment in the spring was greater in small gaps. Gap size also significantly influenced the risk of mollusc attack on Ranunculus as molluscs appeared to show an aggregative feeding response in the high seedling density small gaps. Selective grazing of vulnerable seedlings by molluscs may influence the eventual relative proportions of the species present and so provide a potent mechanism in shaping community composition in grasslands.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00328604
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temporal and spatial variation in palatability of soybean and cotton leaves following wounding (1989)
    Springer
    Oecologia 79 (1989), S. 520-525 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Wound-induced changes ; Soybean ; Cotton ; Spodoptera littoralis ; Image analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Leaves of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) were mechanically damaged with a single hole and offered to Spodoptera littoralis Boisd (Lep., Noctuidae) larvae in laboratory bioassays at intervals of between 0 and 7 days from damage. The subsequent within-leaf grazing patterns of damaged and undamaged areas were compared using an image-analysing computer, and estimations were made by eye of percentage, areas grazed at three spatial scales. Reduction in palatability of damaged areas of both plant species was detected, at time intervals ranging from 0 to 7 days after damage. This effect was strongest for the longer time intervals and the effect became weaker with increasing distance from the site of damage. These results are discussed in relation to possible defensive roles of wound-induced changes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378670
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