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  • strike-induced chemosensory searching  (3)
  • Springer  (3)
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  • Springer  (3)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Strike-induced chemosensory searching by a teiid lizard, the golden tegu (Tupinambis nigropunctatus) (1993)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 4 (1993), S. 79-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: strike-induced chemosensory searching ; search behavior ; foraging ; feeding behavior ; tongue-flicking ; Reptilia ; Lacertilia ; Teiidae ; Tupinambis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Strike-induced chemosensory searching (SICS) is experimentally demonstrated in a teiid lizard,Tupinambis nigropunctatus. SICS consists of a concurrent post-strike elevation in tongue-flick rate (PETF) and searching movements after voluntary release or escape of bitten prey or removal of prey from the predator's mouth. The results are consistent with previous data showing that PETF and/or SICS occur in all families of scleroglossan lizards and snakes and all families of actively foraging lizards yet studied. The relatively short duration of SICS (2 min) in a lizard having lingual and vomeronasal structure highly specialized for chemosensory sampling and analysis suggests that phylogenetic and ecological factors may be more important than morphology in determining the duration. The greatest known durations occur only in the presumably monophyletic clade containing varanoid lizards and snakes, all of which have highly developed chemical sampling and chemoreceptor apparatus, but in addition feed on prey that has a high probability of being relocated by prolonged scent-trailing. Because only active foragers move through the habitat while tongue-flicking and exhibit lingually mediated prey chemical discrimination, only active foragers may be expected to use SICS. SICS would appear to be useless to an ambush forager and might disrupt its defensive crypticity, rendering it more detectable to predators and prey. Therefore, it may be predicted that SICS is adaptively adjusted to foraging mode.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01241677
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Strike-induced chemosensory searching is absent in the cordylid lizard,Cordylus cordylus, a scleroglossan ambush forager (1994)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 5-6 (1994), S. 47-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: strike-induced chemosensory searching ; foraging ; tongue-flicking ; Lacertilia ; Cordylidae ; Cordylus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Strike-induced chemosensory searching (SICS) was not detected experimentally in the cordylid lizard,Cordylus cordylus. Both components of SICS, a post-strike elevation in tongue-flick rate (PETF) and searching movements for attacked and released prey, were absent. The findings are consistent with previous data showing that PETF and/or SICS are lacking in all lizard families yet studied that forage primarily by ambush, but are present in actively foraging scleroglossan families and the herbivorous iguanian family Iguanidae. It is suggested that foraging behavior is a primary determinant of the presence or absence of SICS in lizards. Nevertheless, in most families in the two major clades, Iguania and Scleroglossa, the plesiomorphic foraging mode is retained. The findings agree with the prediction that SICS is absent in families lacking lingually mediated prey chemical discrimination (PCD), presumably due to selection against movement by ambush foragers that avoid being detected by either prey or predators because they remain motionless. Although PETF and SICS were absent, labial-licking and lingual movements similar to those observed after swallowing increased after biting prey, suggesting that the functions of these lingual movements may have been related to grooming. Locomotory movements did not increase following biting and appeared to represent avoidance of the experimenter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01259973
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prolonged poststrike elevation in tongue-flicking rate with rapid onset in gila monster,Heloderma suspectum: Relation to diet and foraging and implications for evolution of chemosensory searching (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2867-2881 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Tongue-flicking ; poststrike elevation in tongue-flicking ; strike-induced chemosensory searching ; gila monster ; lizard ; Squamata ; Helodermatidae ; snake origin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Experimental tests showed that poststrike elevation in tongue-flicking rate (PETF) and strike-induced chemosensory searching (SICS) in the gila monster last longer than reported for any other lizard. Based on analysis of numbers of tongue-flicks emitted in 5-min intervals, significant PETF was detected in all intervals up to and including minutes 41–45. Using 10-min intervals, PETF lasted though minutes 46–55. Two of eight individuals continued tongue-flicking throughout the 60 min after biting prey, whereas all individuals ceased tongue-flicking in a control condition after minute 35. The apparent presence of PETF lasting at least an hour in some individuals suggests that there may be important individual differences in duration of PETF. PETF and/or SICS are present in all families of autarchoglossan lizards studied except Cordylidae, the only family lacking linguallly mediated prey chemical discrimination. However, its duration is known to be greater than 2-min only in Helodermatidae and Varanidae, the living representatives of Varanoidea. That prolonged PETF and SICS are typical of snakes provides another character supporting a possible a varanoid ancestry for Serpentes. Analysis of 1-min intervals showed that PETF occurred in the first minute. A review of the literature suggests that a pause in tongue-flicking and delay of searching movements are absent in lizards and the few nonvenomous colubrid snakes tested. The delayed onset of SICS may be a specific adaptation of some viperid snakes to allow potentially dangerous prey to be rendered harmless by venom following voluntary release after envenomation and preceding further physical contact with the prey.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02098395
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