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  • Lepidoptera  (19)
  • potato  (13)
  • Springer  (32)
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  • Springer  (32)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 44 (1988), S. 788-789 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Yponomeuta vigintipunctatus ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae ; diapause ; photoperiodic induction curves ; low temperature influence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The long-day insectYponomeuta vigintipunctatus was subjected to various combinations of temperature and photoperiod. The photoperiodic induction curve at 10°C resembled the one at 20°C, but with a shift of the critical photoperiod towards the shorter day-length. Such unusual averting of diapause at lower temperatures in combination with intermediate long-day photoperiods has still been described in only few insect species of the temperate zone.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 88 (1998), S. 101-107 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: sex pheromone ; pheromone-based mating disruption ; Spilonota ocellana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The potential for pheromone-based mating disruption of eye-spotted bud moth (ESBM), Spilonota ocellana (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in apple orchards in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia was examined in small-plot trials. In a preliminary experiment, treatment of the orchard atmosphere with a 99:1 blend of Z8-tetradecenyl acetate (Z8-14:OAc) and Z8-tetradecenyl alcohol (Z8-14:OH) completely inhibited captures of male ESBM in pheromone-baited traps, but treatment with Z8-14:OAc alone did not. Therefore, all subsequent trials used the two-component blend as a disruptant. Mean catches of male ESBM in traps baited with 0.1, 1, 10, or 20 mg of 99:1 Z8-14:OAc and Z8-14:OH were significantly reduced (81–97%) in pheromone-treated plots relative to similar traps placed in control plots. In both control and treated plots, there was a significant positive relationship between trap bait dose and trap catch. In pheromone-treated plots, this suggests that high doses of trap baits over-ride the camouflage effect of disruption or overcome the effect of sensory adaptation and habituation. The number of virgin-female baited traps capturing at least one male ESBM was reduced by 96%, and mating of virgin females on mating tables was reduced by 95% in plots treated with the two-component pheromone. The total amount of Z8-14:OAc released from pheromone disruption dispensers during the latter field trials was estimated to average 6.4 g ha-1 over 11 days or 26.4 mg ha-1 h-1. The low levels of Z8-14:OH released from disruption dispensers could not be estimated by GC analysis. Dispensers loaded with a 99:1 blend of Z8-14:OAc and Z8-14:OH were highly attractive to males in baited traps, indicating that they have the potential to induce false trail following.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 79 (1996), S. 195-202 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: antifeedant ; drimane ; feeding behaviour ; sensory response ; structure-activity relationship ; neural code ; Pieris brassicae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fifteen drimane compounds were tested for their feeding inhibiting activity in larvae of Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) when applied to leaf material of the host plant Brassica oleracea L. The antifeedant efficacy of the drimanes was related to their molecular structure in order to identify important functional groups. Of the drimanes tested, those with a lactone group on the B-ring were the most effective feeding inhibitors. Additionally, the sensory responses to 13 of the drimanes were measured. Neural activity was evoked in the deterrent cell in the medial sensillum styloconicum. Also, inhibition of sensory responses to feeding stimulants was found. Results of behavioural and electrophysiological tests were correlated in an attempt to elucidate the sensory code underlying feeding inhibition by drimanes in Pieris brassicae. It was concluded that the response of the deterrent cell in the medial sensillum styloconicum contributes significantly to inhibition of feeding behaviour in larvae of Pieris brassicae.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; codling moth ; mating disruption ; Isomate-C ; tree banding ; organic apples ; biological agriculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An integrated programme of pheromone-mediated mating disruption using Isomate-C®, post-harvest removal of fruit, and trapping overwintering larvae with cardboard tree bands, was used to control codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in four commercial ‘organic’ apple orchards in Cawston, British Columbia during 1989–1992. One application of 1000 dispensers − 1 on May 1 delivered estimated seasonal totals of 16.6, 16.5 and 19.9 g of E,E-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol [=codlemone] − 1in 1990, 1991 and 1992, respectively, at median rates of 8.4, 8.3, and 13.3 mg · 〈 ha−1 · ha−1 during dusk flight periods of first brood and 5.3, 4.7 and 4.6 mg · − 1· ha−1 in second brood, respectively. Over this 3-year period damage from codling moth at harvest ranged from 0.08 to 2.4%, and averaged 60.7% in these four organic orchards, while damage in five conventional orchards receiving sprays of azinphosmethyl ranged from 0.02 to 1.85%, and averaged 0.5%. Damage in an experimental orchard that was banded only, ranged from 43.5 to 56.7%, and averaged 48.9%. Between 1990 and 1992 cumulative male catches in Pherocon 1-CP wing traps baited with 10 mg of codlemone declined by 52% and densities of overwintering codling moth larvae declined an average of 49.5% in all organic orchards. Overwintering populations in the banded experimental orchard showed an increase of 57.7% during this study period. We conclude that an integrated programme of pheromone-mediated mating disruption, post-harvest fruit removal and tree banding, controls codling moth effectively enough to make organic apple production viable in British Columbia.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Gracillariidae ; Phyllonorycter blancardella ; P.mespilella ; sex pheromone ; sex attractant ; (E10)-dodecenyl acetate ; (E4,E10)-dodecadienyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (E4,E10)-dodecadienyl acetate (E4,E10-12∶OAc) is a newly discovered sex pheromone component of the tentiform leafminer,Phyllonorycter mespilella (Hübner). In apple orchards, traps baited with 1Μg ofE4,E1012∶OAc attractedP. mespilella in British Columbia andP. blancardella (F.) in Massachusetts and Nova Scotia. The compound was identified inP. mespilella by gas chromatographic-electroantennographic analysis (GC-EAD) of pheromone gland extracts, retention index calculations, EAD profiles toE3 toE10 dodecenyl acetates, and synthesis of candidate pheromone components. Even thoughE4,E10-12∶OAc was not detected in gland extracts by GC-mass spectroscopy, several factors indicate that it is female-produced. Antennal responses to gland extracts coincided with authenticE4,E10-12∶OAc on four GC columns with different retention characteristics.E4,E10-12∶OAc andE10-12∶OAc, a known female-produced pheromone component, elicited equally strong EAD responses. In field tests,E4,E10-12∶OAc was two to four times more attractive thanE10-12∶OAc. There was no additive or synergistic effect between the two components.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Spilonota ocellana ; eye-spotted bud moth ; sex pheromone ; (Z)-8-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z)-8-tetradecenyl alcohol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Response of male eye-spotted bud moth,Spilonota ocellana (Denis and Schiffermüller), to different ratios of synthetic sex pheromone components, (Z)-8-tetradecenyl acetate (Z8-14:OAc) and (Z)-8-tetradecenyl alcohol (Z8-14:OH), were compared in four North American locations and in one location in The Netherlands. In British Columbia, Nova Scotia, Michigan, and The Netherlands, a 99:1 blend ofZ8-14:OAc andZ8-14:OH captured significantly more maleS. ocellana thanZ8-14:OAc alone or binary blends containing 10–50%Z8-14:OH. In Ontario, where population sizes were low compared to the other four locations, trends in trap catches were similar, and there was no indication that maleS. ocellana responded differently to the tested pheromone blends. A 99:1 blend ofZ8-14:OAc andZ8-14:OH should be most effective in pheromone-based control programs ofS. ocellana in North America and in The Netherlands. Our results confirm earlier studies that a 99:1 blend ofZ8-14:OAc andZ8-14:OH captures significantly more maleS. ocellana thanZ8-14:OAc alone. However, our finding that a 99:1 blend ofZ8-14:OAc andZ8-14:OH is significantly more attractive than binary blends containing 10–50%Z8-14:OH differs from previous findings in Germany and Switzerland.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Archips argyrospilus ; fruit-tree leaf roller ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex pheromone ; (11Z)-tetradecen-1-ol acetate ; (11E)-tetradecen-1-ol acetate ; (9Z)-tetradecen-1-ol acetate ; dodecan-1-ol acetate ; (11Z)-tetradecen-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In field experiments in the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia, the pheromone blend of (11Z)-tetradecen-1-ol acetate (Z11-14:OAc), (11E)-tetradecen-1-ol acetate (E 11-14:OAc), (9Z)-tetradecen-1-ol acetate (Z9-14:OAc) and dodecan-1-ol acetate (12: OAc) at a 100∶64∶2∶1 ratio (western FTLR blend) attracted significantly more male fruit-tree leaf roller (FTLR),Archips argyrospilus (Walker), than did the previously reported four-component blend and modifications thereof. Addition of (11Z)-tetradecen-1-ol (Z11-14:OH) to the western FTLR blend in a ratio of 4% relative toZ11-14: OAc further significantly enhanced attraction. Compounds were identified and their ratio determined by coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic (GC-EAD) and coupled GC-mass spectrometric analyses of female FTLR pheromone gland extracts and by retention index calculations of candidate pheromone components. Determination and use of geographically specific pheromonal blends may be required for optimal, semiochemical-based biorational control of FTLR and other lepidopteran orchard pests.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Euphytica 63 (1992), S. 51-58 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: breeding ; disease resistance ; pest resistance ; potato ; selection ; Solanum tuberosum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The potato has more characters of economic importance that need to be considered by the breeder than any other temperate crop. In Europe these include resistance to at least twelve major diseases and pests. Highest priority has been given to resistance to late blight (Phytophthora infestans), virus diseases (particularly those caused by potato leafroll virus and potato virus Y) and potato cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis andG. pallida). Useful sources of resistance are available and early generation screening techniques have been developed to allow positive selection for multiple resistance and the breeding value of clones used as parents to be determined. Progress in restriction fragment length polymorphism technology should result in more efficient selection in the future.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: common scab ; Streptomyces scabies ; potato ; genotype ; resistance ; environment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Knollen wurden auf ihre Anfälligkeit für Flachschorf bestimmt, indem der Bedeckungsgrad geschätzt und der schlimmste Schorftyp auf den einzelnen Knollen notiert wurden. Der Bedeckungsgrad wurde anhand einer Skala bestimmt, wobei 0=kein Schorf, 1=bis zu 10% der Oberfläche von Schorf befallen und jede weitere Einheit eine Zunahme von 10% bedeuten. Der Schorftyp wurde anhand einer Skala von 0–5 bonitiert: 0 = keine Schorfarten, 1 = wenig, oberflächliche Läsionen, 2 = gross, oberflächliche Läsionen, 3 = gross, rauhe Läsionen, 4 = grosse Läsionen, entweder aufgeworfen oder flachnarbig, 5 = grosse Läsionen, tiefnarbig. Die Mittelwerte für die Parzellen wurden errechnet. Das Verhältnis zwischen dem mit Flachschort befallenen Umfang der Knollenoberfläche und der Schwere des Schorftypes wurde untersucht, indem für acht Versuche an zwei Orten über zwei Vegetationsperioden (Abb. 1) Regressionen für den Umfang pro Typ errechnet und die Homogenität der Regressionen durch Varianzanalysen (Tabelle 1) verglichen wurden. Alle Regressionskoeffizienten waren hoch signifikant und wichen nicht signifikant voneinander ab. Die Tatsache, dass der Schorfbefall sich im gleichen Mass wie der Schorftyp verändert, weist darauf hin, dass — innerhalb der untersuchten Population von Genotypen — die Resistenz der Kartoffel gegen das Eindringen von sich entwickelnden Lentizellen und die Besiedlung von Knollengewebe eng zusammenhängen. Die Interaktion des Kartoffelgenotyps mit der Umwelt kann manchmal Knollen mit nur wenigen, tiefen Läsionen, wie im Versuch mit frühen Sorten in Trumpington 1975 (Abb. 11), oder mit zahlreichen oberflächlichen Schorfen, wie im Versuch mit mittelfrühen bis mittelspäten Sorten in Trumpington 1976 (Abb. 17), bewirken. Es ist daher nicht angezeigt, nur aufgrund des Vorhandenseins von oberflächlichen oder normalen Schorfen eine Auslese auf Resistenz oder Anfälligkeit zu treffen. Obwohl alle Regressionskoeffizienten hoch signifikant waren, gab es doch einzelne Abweichungen von den Regressionslinien. Ein Beispiel ist der in Abb. 15,6 mit × bezeichnete Klon, der eine kleinere Befallsfläche aufwies als 1976 an beiden Orten zu erwarten gewesen wäre.
    Abstract: Résumé On a étudié la sensibilité des tubercules à la gale commune par estimation de la surface atteinte et par notation du type de gale le plus grave sur chaque tubercule. On a établi une échelle de 1 à 10 en fonction du degré d'attaque, ou 0=pas de gale, 1=jusqu'à 10% de la surface atteinte. A chaque unité supplémentaire correspond une augmentation de 10%. Une échelle de 0 à 5 a été utilisée pour le type de gale; 0=pas de gale, 1=petites lésions superficielles, 2=grandes lésions superficielles, 3=grandes lésions rugueuses, 4=grandes lésions en relief ou en creux peu profonds, 5=grandes lésions en creux profonds. On a calculé des moyennes pour chaque parcelle. La relation entre la surface du tubercule couvert de lésions et la sévérité du type de gale a été examinée par calculs de régressions entre ces deux facteurs à partir de huit essais situés à deux endroits durant deux saisons (fig. 1) et par un test d'homogénéité des coefficients de régression par analyse de variance (tableau 1). Tous les coefficients de régression ont été hautement significatifs sans être différents de manière significative entre eux. Le fait que la surface des lésions change de manière uniforme à l'intérieur de la population des génotypes testés, conduit l'auteur à penser que la résistance des pommes de terre à la pénétration par les lenticules formées et la colonisation des tissue du tubercule sont intimement liées. L'interaction entre le génotype et l'environnement peut quelquefois produire des tubercules ayant seulement quelques lésions profondes, comme cela s'est produit dans l'essai récolté tôt de Trumpington en 1975 (fig. 11), où de nombreuses lésions superficielles, comme pour l'essai de Trumpington en 1976 (fig. 17) récolté plus tardivement. Par conséquent, dans le cadre d'un programme de sélection, il est insuffisant de classer des plantes résistantes ou sensibles uniquement à partir de gales respectivement superficielles ou normales. Bien que tous les coefficients de régression soient hautement significatifs il y a des déviations individuelles à partir des courbes de régression. Un exemple est donné par le clone marqué d'une croix (×) dans la fig. 15,6 lequel avait une surface atteinte plus petite que ce que l'on pouvait expecter pour les deux endroits en 1976.
    Notes: Summary The relationship between the area of tuber surface covered with lesions of common scab and the severity of the scab type was examined by calculating regressions of cover on type for eight trials at two sites over two seasons. All the regression coefficients were highly significant and did not differ significantly from each other. This suggests that resistance to penetration and to colonization of tubers by the parasite are closely related. Differences in the position of regression lines were probably due to local environmental conditions. The interaction of the potato genotype with the environment can result in relatively few severe scabs or many superficial scabs.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 167 (1990), S. 309-320 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Chemosensory integration ; Olfaction ; Brain ; Larva ; Caterpillar ; Manduca sexta ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The physiology and morphology of olfactory interneurons in the brain of larval Manduca sexta were studied using intracellular recording and staining techniques. Antennal olfactory receptors were stimulated with volatile substances from plants and with pure odorants. Neurons responding to the stimuli were investigated further to reveal their response specificities, dose-response characteristics, and morphology. 2. We found no evidence of specific ‘labeled-lines’ among the odor-responsive interneurons, as none responded exclusively to one plant odor or pure odorant; most olfactory interneurons were broadly tuned in their response spectra. This finding is consistent with an ‘across-fiber’ pattern of odor coding. 3. Mechanosensory and olfactory information are integrated at early stages of central processing, appearing in the responses of some local interneurons restricted to the primary olfactory nucleus in the brain, the larval antennal center (LAC). 4. The responses of LAC projection neurons and higher-order protocerebral interneurons to a given odor were more consistent than the responses of LAC local interneurons. 5. The LAC appears to be functionally subdivided, as both local and projection neurons had arborizations in specific parts of the LAC, but none had dendrites throughout the LAC. 6. The mushroom bodies and the lateral protocerebrum contain neurons that respond to olfactory stimulation.
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